Cytogenetics: An Introduction

aberrations amphiploid anaphase arm of chromosome autotetraploid autotriploid Barr body bivalents Blakeslee bridge cells centromere chiasma chiasmata chro chromatids chromo chromosomal segments chromosome associations chromosome number courtesy of Dr crossing crossing-over cytogenetics cytological diakinesis diakinesis or metaphase dicentric diploid diploid species diplotene dominant allele Drosophila melanogaster duplication eggs embryo extra chromosome female fertile frequency gametic gametophyte genetic genomes genotype haploid heterochromatic heterozygote heterozygous Hg Hg homologous chromosomes homozygous interchange complex interspecific hybrids inversion isochromosome maize male megaspore meiocytes meiosis meiotic division metaphase microspores mitosis mitotic monoploids monosomic mosome nondisjunction nubbin nucleus nullisomic pachytene pair parent phenotype Photograph courtesy plant species ploid pollen grains polyploid polyploid species primary trisomics produce progeny prophase quadrivalents recessive allele reciprocal translocation ring chromosome secondary trisomic seed self-pollinated sex chromosomes short arm somatic somics spores standard chromosome syndrome telocentric terminal tetraploid tetraploid species tissue tomato translocation chromosome trivalent types univalents X chromosome yield zygote