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Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars

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National Academies Press, 22/mar/2006 - 145 pagine
Recent spacecraft and robotic probes to Mars have yielded data that are changing our understanding significantly about the possibility of existing or past life on that planet. Coupled with advances in biology and life-detection techniques, these developments place increasing importance on the need to protect Mars from contamination by Earth-borne organisms. To help with this effort, NASA requested that the NRC examine existing planetary protection measures for Mars and recommend changes and further research to improve such measures. This report discusses policies, requirements, and techniques to protect Mars from organisms originating on Earth that could interfere with scientific investigations. It provides recommendations on cleanliness and biological burden levels of Mars-bound spacecraft, methods to reach those levels, and research to reduce uncertainties in preventing forward contamination of Mars.
  

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Indice

Introduction
11
POLICY BASIS FOR PLANETARY PROTECTION
12
THE OUTER SPACE TREATY
13
PROTECTING SCIENCE AND PROTECTING MARS
14
PAST DELIVERY OF MICROORGANISMS TO MARS
16
ISSUES IN AND ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT
20
REFERENCES
21
Policies and Practices in Planetary Protection
22
SUMMARY
85
REFERENCES
86
Advances in Technologies for Life Detection and Bioburden Reduction
91
EXAMPLES OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING BIODIVERSITY
94
METHODS FOR REDUCING BIOBURDEN
99
SUMMARY
102
REFERENCES
103
Assessing Nonliving Contaminants of Concern
105

IMPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
28
MAINTAINING CLEANLINESS DURING LAUNCH
33
REFERENCES
34
Future Mars Exploration The Rolling Wave
36
INCREASING COMPLEXITY CAPABILITY AND CREATIVITY
38
THE ROLLING WAVE
39
REFERENCES
40
Environments on Mars Relative to Life
41
BIOGENIC MATERIALS
42
LIQUID WATER
43
A CATALOG OF POTENTIALLY SPECIAL REGIONS
54
TECHNIQUES FOR ASSESSING THE DISTRIBUTION AND STATE OF SUBSURFACE WATER ON MARS
57
MEASUREMENTS NEEDED TO IDENTIFY SPECIAL REGIONS
61
SPACECRAFT ACCESS AND SPECIAL REGIONS
63
REFERENCES
64
Expanding Our Knowledge of the Limits of Life on Earth
69
MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
70
ORGANISMS AT THE LIMITS OF LIFE
72
LIFE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
73
PROBABILITY OF GROWTH ON MARS
84
TYPES OF CONTAMINANTS
106
DETERMINATION OF ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION
108
SUMMARY
109
A Path Forward for Planetary Protection in the 21st Century
111
SAFEGUARDING OF INDIGENOUS LIFE AS WELL AS PROTECTION OF MISSION SCIENCE?
112
NEEDED RESEARCH AND RECONNAISSANCE
115
TRANSITION TO A NEW APPROACH
117
INTERIM REQUIREMENTS
118
REFERENCES
123
Transition Process and Time Line
124
IMPLEMENTATION TIME LINE
126
Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff
131
Recommendations from Two Previous NRC Reports on Forward Contamination
135
Summary of Procedures Currently Used to Assess Bioburden in Spacecraft Assembly Clean Rooms and on Spacecraft
138
History of Recommended Values for Probability of Growth
140
Approaches to Bioburden Reduction for Lander Missions to Mars
141
Ambiguities in Geomorphic Interpretation Martian Gullies
144
Spacecraft Propellant and ByProducts as Potential Contaminants
148
Acronyms and Abbreviations
152
Copyright

Altre edizioni - Visualizza tutto

Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars
Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars
Committee on Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars,National Research Council
Anteprima limitata - 2005

Parole e frasi comuni

analysis Antarctic Antarctica approach archaea assessment atmosphere bacteria bioburden reduction bioload Biological Contamination Category IVs missions cells Chapter clean rooms committee components contamination of Mars COSPAR depth detect Earth environmental estimates extraterrestrial extremophiles forward contamination gene Geophys ground ice growth hardware heat implementation instruments investigations Laboratory Lake Vostok landers launch levels life-detection liquid water Mars Exploration Program Mars Express Mars missions Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Science Mars Science Laboratory MARSIS martian environment martian surface measurements microbial microbial diversity Microbiol microorganisms missions to Mars molecular molecules NASA NASA's planetary protection National Academy near-surface Orbiter Outer Space Treaty percent permafrost phylogenetic planet planetary protection officer planetary protection policies planetary protection requirements polar potential present Preventing the Forward Priscu psychrophiles radar regolith Sample Return scientific Space special regions specific spores sterilization survive techniques technologies temperature terrestrial organisms thermal water on Mars

Informazioni bibliografiche

QR code for Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars
TitoloPreventing the Forward Contamination of Mars
AutoriCommittee on Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars, National Research Council
EditoreNational Academies Press, 2006
ISBN0309180325, 9780309180320
Lunghezza145 pagine
  
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