Metal Forming HandbookSpringer Science & Business Media, 1998 - 563 pagine 1 Introduction.- 2 Basic principles of metal forming.- 2.1 Methods of forming and cutting technology.- 2.1.1 Summary.- 2.1.2 Forming.- 2.1.3 Dividing.- 2.1.4 Combinations of processes in manufacturing.- 2.2 Basic terms.- 2.2.1 Flow condition and flow curve.- 2.2.2 Deformation and material flow.- 2.2.3 Force and work.- 2.2.4 Formability.- 2.2.5 Units of measurement.- 3 Fundamentals of press design.- 3.1 Press types and press construction.- 3.1.1 Press frame.- 3.1.2 Slide drive.- 3.1.3 Drive systems for deep drawing presses.- 3.1.4 Draw cushions.- 3.2 Mechanical presses 49.- 3.2.1 Determination of characteristic data.- 3.2.2 Types of drive system.- 3.2.3 Drive motor and flywheel.- 3.2.4 Clutch and brake.- 3.2.5 Longitudinal and transverse shaft drive.- 3.2.6 Gear drives.- 3.2.7 Press crown assembly.- 3.2.8 Slide and blank holder.- 3.2.9 Pneumatic system.- 3.2.10 Hydraulic system.- 3.2.11 Lubrication.- 3.3 Hydraulic presses 73.- 3.3.1 Drive system.- 3.3.2 Hydraulic oil.- 3.3.3 Parallelism of the slide.- 3.3.4 Stroke limitation and damping.- 3.3.5 Slide locking.- 3.4Changing dies 86.- 3.4.1 Die handling.- 3.4.2 Die clamping devices.- 3.5Press control systems 94.- 3.5.1 Functions of the control system.- 3.5.2 Electrical components of presses.- 3.5.3 Operating and visualization system.- 3.5.4 Structure of electrical control systems.- 3.5.5 Functional structure of the control system.- 3.5.6 Major electronic control components.- 3.5.7 Architecture and hardware configuration.- 3.5.8 Architecture of the PLC software.- 3.5.9 Future outlook.- 3.6Press safety and certification 106.- 3.6.1 Accident prevention.- 3.6.2 Legislation.- 3.6.3 European safety requirements.- 3.6.4 CE marking.- 3.6.5 Measures to be undertaken by the user.- 3.6.6 Safety requirements in the USA.- 3.7 Casting components for presses.- 4 Sheet metal forming and blanking.- 4.1Principles of die manufacture 123.- 4.1.1 Classification of dies.- 4.1.2 Die development.- 4.1.3 Die materials.- 4.1.4 Casting of dies.- 4.1.5 Try-out equipment.- 4.1.6 Transfer simulators.- 4.2Deep drawing and stretch drawing 156.- 4.2.1 Forming process.- 4.2.2 Materials for sheet metal forming.- 4.2.3 Friction, wear and lubrication during sheet metal forming.- 4.2.4 Hydro-mechanical deep drawing.- 4.2.5 Active hydro-mechanical drawing.- 4.3Coil lines 194.- 4.4Sheet metal forming lines 198.- 4.4.1 Universal presses.- 4.4.2 Production lines for the manufacture of flat radiator plates.- 4.4.3 Lines for side member manufacture.- 4.4.4 Destackers and blank turnover stations.- 4.4.5 Press lines.- 4.4.6 Transfer presses for small and medium sized parts.- 4.4.7 Large-panel tri-axis transfer presses.- 4.4.8 Crossbar transfer presses.- 4.4.9 Presses for plastics.- 4.4.10 Stacking units for finished parts.- 4.4.11 Control systems for large-panel transfer presses.- 4.5Blanking processes 268.- 4.6Shearing lines 284.- 4.6.1 Slitting lines.- 4.6.2 Blanking lines.- 4.6.3 High-speed blanking lines.- 4.6.4 Lines for the production of electric motor laminations.- 4.6.5 Production and processing of tailored blanks.- 4.6.6 Perforating presses.- 4.6.7 Control systems for blanking presses.- 4.7Fine blanking 330.- 4.7.1 Fine blanking process.- 4.7.2 Fine blanking materials, forces, quality characteristics and part variety.- 4.7.3 Fine blanking tools.- 4.7.4 Fine blanking presses and lines.- 4.8Bending 366.- 4.8.1 Bending process.- 4.8.2 Roll forming and variety of sections.- 4.8.3 Roller straightening.- 4.9Organization of stamping plants 389.- 4.9.1 Design.- 4.9.2 Layout.- 4.9.3 Quality assurance through quality control.- 5 Hydroforming.- 5.1General 405.- 5.2Process technology and example applications 405.- 5.2.1 Process technology.- 5.2.2 Types of hydroformed components.- 5.2.3 Fields of application.- 5.3Component development 413.- 5.3.1 User-oriented project management.- 5.3.2 Feasibility studies.- 5.3.3 Component design.- 5.4Die engineering 420.- 5.4.1 Die layout.- 5.4.2 Lubricants.- 5.5Materials and preforms for pr... |
Sommario
Introduction | xi |
Basic principles of metal forming | xv |
212 Forming | xvi |
213 Dividing | 9 |
214 Combinations of processes in manufacturing | 12 |
22 Basic terms | 15 |
222 Deformation and material flow | 16 |
223 Force and work | 18 |
449 Presses for plastics | 240 |
4410 Stacking units for finished parts | 242 |
4411 Control systems for largepanel transfer presses | 244 |
45 Blanking processes | 258 |
463 Highspeed blanking lines | 281 |
464 Lines for the production of electric motor laminations | 286 |
465 Production and processing of tailored blanks | 300 |
466 Perforating presses | 304 |
224 Formability | 20 |
225 Units of measurement | 21 |
Bibliography | 22 |
Fundamentals of press design | 23 |
311 Press frame | 24 |
312 Slide drive | 27 |
313 Drive systems for deep drawing presses | 31 |
314 Draw cushions | 34 |
32 Mechanical presses | 39 |
322 Types of drive system | 44 |
323 Drive motor and flywheel | 50 |
324 Clutch and brake | 51 |
325 Longitudinal and transverse shaft drive | 53 |
326 Gear drives | 55 |
327 Press crown assembly | 56 |
329 Pneumatic system | 60 |
3210 Hydraulic system | 61 |
3211 Lubrication | 62 |
33 Hydraulic presses | 63 |
332 Hydraulic oil | 67 |
333 Parallelism of the slide | 70 |
334 Stroke limitation and damping | 72 |
335 Slide locking | 73 |
34 Changing dies | 76 |
342 Die clamping devices | 81 |
35 Press control systems | 84 |
353 Operating and visualization system | 85 |
354 Structure of electrical control systems | 87 |
355 Functional structure of the control system | 89 |
357 Architecture and hardware configuration | 91 |
359 Future outlook | 92 |
36 Press safety and certification | 96 |
362 Legislation | 97 |
364 CE marking | 101 |
365 Measures to be undertaken by the user | 105 |
366 Safety requirements in the USA | 107 |
37 Casting components for presses | 110 |
Bibliography | 112 |
Sheet metal forming and blanking | 113 |
412 Die development | 118 |
413 Die materials | 132 |
415 Tryout equipment | 138 |
416 Transfer simulators | 144 |
42 Deep drawing and stretch drawing | 146 |
422 Materials for sheet metal forming | 164 |
423 Friction wear and lubrication during sheet metal forming | 169 |
424 Hydromechanical deep drawing | 175 |
425 Active hydromechanical drawing | 178 |
Sheet metal forming and blanking | 184 |
44 Sheet metal forming lines | 188 |
442 Production lines for the manufacture of flat radiator plates | 198 |
443 Lines for side member manufacture | 200 |
444 Destackers and blank turnover stations | 207 |
445 Press lines | 212 |
446 Transfer presses for small and medium sized parts | 219 |
447 Largepanel triaxis transfer presses | 224 |
448 Crossbar transfer presses | 233 |
467 Control systems for blanking presses | 310 |
47 Fine blanking | 320 |
472 Fine blanking materials forces quality characteristics and part variety | 328 |
473 Fine blanking tools | 341 |
474 Fine blanking presses and lines | 349 |
48 Bending | 356 |
482 Roll forming and variety of sections | 363 |
483 Roller straightening | 373 |
49 Organization of stamping plants | 379 |
492 Layout | 381 |
493 Quality assurance through quality control | 388 |
Bibliography | 393 |
Hydroforming | 395 |
522 Types of hydroformed components | 398 |
523 Fields of application | 400 |
53 Component development | 403 |
532 Feasibility studies | 404 |
533 Component design | 406 |
54 Die engineering | 410 |
542 Lubricants | 412 |
55 Materials and preforms for producing hydroformed components | 413 |
552 Preforms and preparation | 414 |
56 Presses for hydroforming | 416 |
57 General considerations | 419 |
572 Technical and economic considerations | 421 |
Bibliography | 422 |
6 Solid forming Forging | 423 |
62 Benefits of solid forming | 431 |
622 Workpiece properties | 433 |
63 Materials billet production and surface treatment | 440 |
632 Billet or slug preparation | 444 |
633 Surface treatment | 449 |
64 Formed part and process plan | 454 |
642 Process plan | 457 |
65 Force and work requirement | 459 |
652 Forward tube extrusion | 464 |
654 Reducing open die forward extrusion | 465 |
655 Ironing | 466 |
657 Lateral extrusion | 467 |
66 Part transfer | 468 |
661 Loading station | 469 |
662 Transfer study | 471 |
67 Die design | 475 |
671 Die holders | 478 |
672 Die and punch design | 481 |
673 Die and punch materials | 486 |
674 Die closing systems multipleaction dies | 492 |
68 Presses used for solid forming | 495 |
682 Mechanical presses | 497 |
683 Hydraulic presses | 504 |
684 Supplementary equipment | 507 |
685 Special features of hot and warm forming lines | 510 |
686 Sizing and coining presses | 512 |
687 Minting and coin blanking lines | 516 |
Bibliography | 531 |
Index and information about the SCHULER Group | 533 |
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Parole e frasi comuni
achieved adjustment aluminium angle application approx automatic bending Beuth Verlag billet blank holder force blanking force blanking line blanking presses buckling length CE mark clamping coil coining components compressive compressive stress configuration connecting rod contour control system cylinders deep drawing deformation destacking device diameter draw cushion draw punch drawing process drive system eccentric ejector ensure equipped example extrusion feed flow stress flywheel forging forming process functions gear geometry gripper rails hydraulic presses hydroforming knuckle-joint large-panel transfer presses loading lubrication machine manufacture material mechanical presses moving bolster N/mm² nominal press force notching operation plate position possible press bed press frame press line pressure production reduced result roll roller safety SCHULER Sect shaft shearing sheet metal forming sheet metal thickness single-action solid forming speed stack station steels strip stroking rate surface tensile tensile strength tion tool transport try-out vee-ring welding width workpiece