Origins: A Skeptic's Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth

amino acids answer appear atmosphere atoms bacteria bacterium billion years ago biochemistry biological called carbon cell chain chance chapter chemical evolution chemist chemistry clay clouds comets complex consider construction contain COSMEL creation Creationists creatures Crick earlier early earth energy environment enzymes evolved example exist exploration favor floor fossils Francis Crick function gene genetic Graham Cairns-Smith Guru H. J. Muller heat Hoyle human hydrogen idea interstellar laboratory Leslie Orgel living Lysenko material ment meteorites microspheres Midas Miller Miller-Urey experiment minerals mixture molecules myth mythology nature nucleic acids nucleotides occur Oparin organic compounds Orgel origin origin-of-life oxygen paradigm perhaps planet prebiotic prebiotic soup present produced protein proteinoid Qẞ question random reactions replicase replicator ribosomes RNA molecules rocks role scientific scientists sequence Sidney Fox Skeptic solar system space spontaneous substances sugars synthesis theory tion universe