Instrumental Analysis

absorbance absorption acid Anal analysis analytical applications atoms band Beer's law benzene calculated calibration calibration curve cell Chem chemical chemical shift chromatography column complex components compounds concentration constant coulometric curve detection detector determined electrode electrolyte elements emission emitted endpoint energy Equation example excitation extraction filter filter fluorometer flame flip-flop fluorescence frequency gamma rays gas chromatography heat hydrogen increase infrared input instruments intensity ion-selective electrodes ionization kinetic liquid mass mass spectrometry measured metal method mixture mobile phase molar absorptivity molecular molecules neutron nuclei obtained output oxidation peak photomultiplier polarographic potential protons pulse quantitative radiation ratio reaction reagent relative resonance sample sensitivity separation shown in Figure signal solution solvent species spectra spectrofluorometer spectrometer spectrophotometric spectroscopy spectrum standard stationary phase substance technique temperature thermal tion titration ultraviolet usually voltage wavelength x-ray