The Muslims of India: Beliefs and Practices

accepted according Akbar Allah Allahu Akbar Arab Arabia Aurangzeb basic believers Caliph called centre century ceremony Chishti Christian conversions cultural death Delhi dialogue divine doctrine early expression faith fast festivals God's hadith hajj Hasan Hindu Holy human Husain ijma ijtihad Imam important India Indian Muslims influence interpretation Islam in India Islamic law isnād Jews jizya jurisprudence jurists Ka'ba kalām Karbala Kufa leader living Lucknow madrasa marriage Maulana Mecca Medina modern mosque movement Mu'tazilites Muhammad Muharram Muslim community Muslim Personal Law Muslim religious mystical original outlook Persian philosophy pilgrim pilgrimage political practice prayer pre-Islamic Prophet qiyās Quran Ramazan recitation reform religion revelation Sayyid Ahmad Shah Sharafuddin shari'at Shi'a shrine social spiritual subcontinent Sufi Sufism sunna Sunni teaching theology tomb traditional tribes Ulema Umayyad Urdu verses whole word worship zakat