C. II. Consulite vobis, "Consult for your own interest" (to consult a person requires the accusative case, but to consult the interest of a person requires the dative).

Pro eo mihi, ac mereor, &c., "Will reward me in proportion to my deserts."

Consulari, "To one of consular dignity."

Sapienti, "A savan," i.e. a philosopher.

Fratris. The allusion is to Q. Cicero, then prætor designatus. Uxor, "Terentia." Filia, "Tullia." Parvulus filius, "Marcius," then only two years old, and so a very small (parvulus, diminutive of parvus) boy. Gener, "C. Calpurnius Piso."

Una reipublicæ peste, "In the common ruin of the State."

Servitia (abstract for concrete), for servi, or it may be a collective

noun.

Tenentur, "Are in our possession."

Est initum id consilium, "Such a plan has been entered upon." C. III. Rei, "The accused." Singularibus verbis, "In terms of striking compliment."

Sed ego institui, "I have determined, Conscript Fathers, to consult you, as if the matter were still untouched, in relation to the affair itself, that you may determine respecting it, and the punishment to be inflicted, what it ought to be in your opinion.”

Numquam putavi, "It never occurred to me."

Ante noctem. Because no decree of the senate was legal if pronounced after sunset or before sunrise, and because the risk was greater by night than by day of a riotous rescue of the pri

soners.

Huic si paucos affines, "If you think that only a few are connected with this."

Manavit, "Permeated."

Obscure serpens, "Creeping onwards in darkness."

Sustentando ac prolatando.

Mark the frequentative form of both verbs, "By continuing to put up with it, by continuing to put off (prompt action against it)."

Vindicandum est, "Punishment must be inflicted."

C. IV. Qui censet, "Who gives it as his public opinion" (i.e. Silanus, who was consul elect with Muræna). The usual order, writes Ramsay, adopted by the presiding consul in asking the opinions of the senators was to address first the consulares, and among them again first the princeps senatus; after the consulares the prætorii, ædilicii, tribunicii, and lastly the quæstorii. But if any magistrates elect were present, these voted before the other members of the class to which they were about to belong. Hence the consuls elect voted first of all, a prætor designatus before the prætorii, and so on.

In summa, &c., "Advocate the utmost severity." Usurpatum, "Has been practised" (not usurped), frequentative of verb "utor."

Sapientes, "The savans."

Iniquitatem, "Unfair hardship." Voluere, "Have held."

,,

Sancit, "Forbids under a penalty." Formido, "An image of terror." C. V. Mea quid intersit, "What affects my own personal interest." (Mark the unusual position here given to " emphasis.) Supply "ne with " mea." Auctore, "Proposes." Rationes, "Consideration."

mea for

Non neminem, &c., "Are not without their absentee, who does not work."

Gratulationem, "Thanks."

De tota re et caussa, "Concerning the character of the whole conspiracy and the whole case of the conspirators." (Mark that "tota" here qualifies both nouns, as being before both.)

Cognitore. A technical term. According to Ramsay, it was used in the Roman civil process of the representative of a plaintiff or defendant, who was appointed in the presence of the adversary for an action at law, and from that time undertook the whole conduct of the suit for the plaintiff or defendant. Cæsar is called so here, because if the senate adopts and decrees the sententia of which Cæsar is the author, he will then be obliged to defend it on behalf of the senate against every one.

C. VI. Atque obtinebo, &c., " And I will make it appear to have been by far the more generous opinion of the two." Videor mihi videre, "Methinks I perceive."

Arcem omnium gentium, "The citadel of the world."

Subito uno incendio concidentem, "If it suddenly sank down in one general conflagration."

Furor in vestra cæde bacchantis, "His delirious delight as he revels in shedding of your blood."

Virginum Vestalium," (Outrages done) to the Vestal virgins" (the objective genitive case).

Cum avum. According to Anthon, L. Cæsar, in his remarks before the senate, on the occasion alluded to by Cicero, in order to shield himself from the imputation of undue severity in voting for the punishment of Lentulus, had observed that "his own grandfather was put to death by order of a Roman consul, and the son of the former, although sent to sue for peace, was imprisoned and slain. Cæsar alluded to M. Fulvius Flaccus, who was his grandfather on the mother's side, and who was slain by order of the consul Opimius, together with his son, during the affair of Caius Gracchus.

Ne quid de summa, "That not a single portion of the State should suffer injury."

Remissione pœnæ, 66

By any mitigation of the penalty." C. VII. Exaudio. This refers to the whisperings of the senators, not to the rumours of the people, as explained in "ad aures meas perveniunt."

Equites. Cicero (see Mil. 94) always boasted of his success in reconciling the equestrian order with the senate, and of acting as their recognised leader.'

Tribunos ærarios, "Paymasters." Scribas, "The public clerks" (who acted under the quaestors, diles, and tribunes).

Tenuissimorum, "Even those of the slenderest means."

C. VIII. Operæ pretium est, "It is well worth while."

Libertinorum hominum, &c. Note that libertus refers to the patron or former master, as Pompeii libertus, "Pompey's freedman; " but libertinus, "a freedman" generally, or son of a freed

man.

Concursare circum tabernas, "Keeps running round amongst the shops of the artisans" (frequentative form of concurrere).

Ipsum illum, &c., "That very spot where his home is settled, his labours are performed, and his daily bread earned."

Omne eorum instrumentum, &c., "Every instrumentality by means of which they exercise their daily labours, all their industry, and all their daily profits, are supported by a crowded population, and one fostered by a state of public repose."

Quid tandem, &c., "And what, I pray you, will be the consequence, if all these perish by fire?”

C. IX. Ex plurimis periculis, "From a multitude of dangers." Impiæ conjurationis, "An unnatural conspiracy," because it was against their common mother-their country (impius, is wanting in natural affection). The metaphor is well carried out by Cicero in the same sentence in the words, "supplex manus tendit patria communis," your common mother, your country, on bended knees, stretches out her hands to you.

Facultas (properly the means of doing anything), here, "The opportunity to acquire." Habetis, "You have on your side." In civili causâ, "On a matter of politics."

Una nox.

That night on which the Gallic envoys left Rome with letters for home and for Catiline.

Non modo confici. Here "non is omitted as usually before ne... quidem when the same verb is employed.

C. X. Ad sententiam. Supply rogandam.

Paullus ille, "That distinguished Paullus.” (Here illi, in the sense of eminence, does not require a prænomen or any other word to designate the individual. Compare "the Duke" (as applied to the great Duke of Wellington in his lifetime).

Obsidione, "The military occupation." So Virgil, Æn. iii., "obsedit milite campos."

Cujus res gesta. See the Third Oration.

Uno loco,

"On one point, the position."

Perfringere, "To shatter in pieces (per), and to make to totter.” C. XI. Pro provincia quam neglexi. According to Mommsen (iii. 118), by the lex Sempronia de provinciis consularibus. The senate before the election of consuls, had to determine the provinces to which the consuls about to be elected were to proceed upon the expiry of their year of office; and then the consuls cast lots and made some private arrangement between themselves as to which each should take. Now at this time Gallia Cisalpina had fallen to Antonius; Macedonia, a province from which a triumph and rich booty might be expected, to Cicero. But in order to draw Antonius off from his connection with Catiline,

Cicero transferred Macedonia to his colleague, and then himself renounced Gallia (ad. Att. ii. i. 3, oratio sexta consularis, cum provinciam in contione deposui).

Clientelis hospitiisque. The governor of a province was often requested to become its patronus.

Decernite, "Decide by vote deliberately."

Præstare ("to make good "), and so "to become security for."

NOTES ON THE ACTIO PRIMA IN

VERREM.

C. I. Quod unum, manner unique."

"Which in a singular degree," or "in a

Summo reipublicæ tempore," At the highest crisis of the State." His judiciis, quæ nunc sunt, &c., "At these trials, such as they are at present, not a single individual, if only a man of wealth, can be condemned, however guilty he may be."

Spe ac predicatione, "As he expects and proclaims."

Reconciliare existimationem amissam, "Retrieve the good opinion which has been lost."

Prædonem juris urbani. Verres had been prætor urbanus in B.C. 74. For prætor Cicero playfully and sarcastically substitutes, prædo istius" of that contemptible fellow."

Ego hoc tamen, "This point, however, I shall secure; I shall make it clear that it was rather an honest verdict that was wanting to the commonwealth, than that our jurors had no criminal to try, or the criminal had no prosecutor."

C. II. Equidem, "I for my part" (Greek fywyɛ).

Cum multæ mihi, &c., "Although many plots against me have been formed by land and by sea by Caius Verres."

Studio officio, "The zeal and kindly offices."

Pertimui, "I had a thorough dread of" (per generally strengthens the verb in composition with it; so "perturbor" lower down, "I am thoroughly disturbed").

Surripuissent eripuisse (surripere is "to embezzle," eripere "to plunder openly"). Sanctum, "inviolable."

Nihil tam munitum. Compare Virgil, “Auri sacra fames Quid non mortalia pectora cogis;" and Horace, Odes, iii. 16; and Shakespeare ("Passionate Pilgrim ”)—

"The strongest castle, tower, and town,

The golden bullet beats it down."

Tempus alienum, "A season unsuitable" (to corrupt the jury). Adduceret (supply in judicium), "Bring to trial."

C. III. Defixurus sim, "I will gibbet," i.e. expose and punish ; or, "I will pin down."