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by Quintus Cicero (de petit. cons. c. 23.) to have fallen by his 3 hand; and, according to Plutarch, (vit. Syll. c. 32. ed. Hutten. vol. 3. p. 230.-vit. Cic. c. 10. vol. 5. p. 319.) he had assassinated his own brother during the civil war, and now, to screen himself from prosecution, persuaded Sylla to put him among the proscribed, as a person still alive. He murdered too, with his own hands, his sister's husband, a Roman knight, of a mild and peaceable character. (“ equitem Romanum, nullarum partium, cum semper natura, tum etiam aetate jam quietum.” Q. Cic. de petit. cons. c. 3.) One of the most horrid actions, however, of which he was guilty, would seem to have been the killing of M. Marius Gratidianus, a near relation of the celebrated Marius. Sylla had put the name of this individual on the list of the proscribed, whereupon Catiline entered the dwelling of the unfortunate man, exhausted upon his person all the refinements of cruelty and insult, and having at last put an end to his existence, carried his bloody head in triumph through the streets of Rome, and brought it to Sylla as he sat upon his tribunal in the Forum. When this was done, the murderer washed his hands in the lustral water at the door of Apollo's temple, which stood in the immediate vicinity. (Compare Seneca, de Ira, 3. 18. where an account is given more in detail, of the cruelties inflicted on Gratidianus.) Catiline, as might well be expected, did not fail, by means of these excesses, to obtain the favourable notice of the tyrant. In the year of the city, 686, he was made Prætor at Rome, and in the following year governor in Africa, where his extortion and infamous conduct exposed him to the detestation of all. On his return to Rome he was accused of mal-administration in his province, but escaped by bribery.

15. Sed ingenio malo pravoque, "but of a wicked and depraved spirit." The epithet pravus is originally applied to any thing crooked or misshapen, and then figuratively to the moral character. We have an instance of its primitive acceptation in Cicero (Acad. 4. 11.) "Interesse oportet ut inter rectum et pravum, sic inter verum et falsum." As regards the term ingenium, it may be remarked that it denotes the native qualities of the whole soul, and not merely those of the intellect.

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3 That it is applied to the powers of the understanding is universally admitted; that it also denotes the moral qualities of the soul, the present passage of Sallust will clearly prove. To place the point, however, beyond all doubt, we may refer to the following authorities: Ter. Eun. 5. 2. 41. Id. ibid. 4. 7. 42. Curtius, 8. 2. 16. Val. Max. 2. 7. Suet. vit. Calig. 27. "I am therefore inclined to think," observes Crombie, from whom the above remarks are taken, “that ingenium denotes" quicquid est ingenitum,” or “natura ingenita," and is applied to the native qualities of the whole soul, those of the heart as well as those of the head; but, as Hill correctly observes, without any reference to their corruption, or improvement; their probable increase or diminution." Crombie's Gymnasium, vol 2, p. 73, seqq. 3d ed.

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16. Adolescentia, "his earlier years." 'According to the most correct Roman writers," observes my very learned friend E. H. Barker, Esq., “human life was divided into four stages of fifteen years each: thus pueritia was within 15: adolescentia within 30 ; juventus within 45; and senectus comprised the remaining period of life." Compare Classical Journal, vol. 1, p. 473. Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 1, p. 160. 3d ed.

17. Ibique. Elegantly used for in iis rebus. Compare Cic. (pro Rosc. Am. c. 29.) "Si quid est, quod Erucius ad testes reservet, ibi nos quoque, ut in ipsa causa, paratiores reperiet, quam putabat." So also Cic. de Off. 3. 9. Liv. 40. 46.

18. Patiens. The verbal adjective, distinguished from the participle by its particular government: thus patiens inediae, "able to endure want of food," referring to a habit; patiens inediam, "suffering want of food," referring to a particular point of time. So also doctus linguam Latinam, "one who has been taught the Latin language;" doctus linguae Lalinae, "one skilled in Latin."

19. Varius, "capable of assuming any shape." Compare the picture drawn by Cicero, (pro Coel. 6.) “Illa vero in illo homine (sc. Catilina) mirabilia fuerunt.

versare su

am naturam, et regere ad tempus, atque huc et illuc torquere of flectere: cum tristibus severe, cum remissis jucunde, cum senibus graviter, cum juventute comiter, cum facinorosis audaciter, cums

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libidinosis luxuriose vivere. Hac ille lam varia, multiplicique 3 natura, cum omnes omnibus ex terris homines improbos, audacesque collegerat: tum etiam multos fortes viros et bonos specie quadam virtutis assimulatae tenebat."

20. Simulator. The verb simulare, whence this noun is formed, means "to pretend to be what we are not ;" but dissimulare, "to dissemble, or conceal what we are." It is the character of hypocrisy to pretend to virtues which it has not, (simulare), and to dissemble the vices which it has, (dissimulare).

21. Satis loquentiae, "possessing fluency of speech enough." Several editions have eloquentiae, but this would be too strong here, although the reading appears in a majority of the MSS. The distinction between loquentia and eloquentia is well point ed out in the following extract from Pliny (Ep. 5. 20.) "Julius Candidus non invenuste solet dicere aliud esse eloquentiam, aliud loquentiam. Nam eloquentia vix uni, aut alleri; haec vero quam Candidus loquentiam appellat, multis, etiam impudentissimo cuique maxime contingit." We may compare with this the words of Gellius, (1. 15. extr.) "Valerium Probum, grammaticum illustrem, ex familiari ejus, docto viro comperi, Sallustianum illud (in Catil. c. 5.) Satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum, brevi antequam vita decederet, sic legere coepisse, et sic a Sallustio relictum affirmasse: Satis loquentiae, sapientiae parum : quod loquentia novatori verborum Sallustio maxime congrueret; eloquentia cum insipientia minime conveniret."

22. Vastus animus, "his insatiable spirit." Dureau de Lamalle renders it "son ambition immoderée."

1. Post dominationem. This expression is equivalent, not 4 to finita dominatione, but ab eo tempore quo dominari coeperat. The preposition must therefore be rendered by "since."

2. Lucii Sullae. Sylla was a Roman of Patrician rank, who served at first under Marius in the Jugurthine war. His acti vity and address contributed greatly to bring the war to a successful termination. Marius became at last jealous of Sylla's merit, and hence originated that quarrel between them which was productive of the most enormous cruelties, and led to the final extinction of Roman liberty. Sylla, on gain

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4 ing the ascendancy, assumed the reins of absolute government, and became perpetual dictator. After glutting his vengeance with the blood of thousands, and ruling with despotic sway for three years, he resigned his power, and lived undisturbed as a private citizen. He died in great torments of the morbus pcdicularis, in the 60th year of his age, about 78 B. C. His death was hastened by habits of perpetual intoxication, in which he probably indulged to avoid the horrors of remorse. 3. Quidquam pensi habebat, "did he at all regard."his artibus, "by those practices."—5. quos pessuma, &c. Cortius refers quos, by synesis, to civitatem put for cives; it is better, however, to make mores the antecedent. "On which luxury and cupidity, evils of the most pernicious tendency, and directly opposite in their characters, kept exercising an active influence."

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6. Res ipsa, "the subject itself."- -7. tempus, "the occasion.". -8. supra repetere. Understand narrationem.-—9. instituta majorum, "the principles of government adopted by forefathers."- -10. quomodo, &c. "how they governed

Our

the republic."

11. Sicuti ego accepi. We may fairly infer from these words that even in the days of Sallust uncertainty attached itself to the early history of Rome. The origin of the eternal city is lost in fable.

12. Trojani. No Trojans ever set foot in Italy; the arrival of Aeneas in that country is purely fabulous. (vid. Niehbuhr's Roman History, vol. 1. p. 150. seqq. Hare and Thirlwall's transl.)

13. Aborigines, a name given by the Romans to the primitive inhabitants of Italy, and which is supposed to be equivalent to the Greek Aùráxoves. The old and genuine name, however, was Casci. Thus Saufeius (in Serv. ad Aen. 1. 10.) observes, "qui . . . . . Cassei (read Casci) vocati sunt, quos posteri Aborigines nominaverunt." Compare in Ennius, "Casci populi Latini,” and other passages in Columna (ad fragm. Ennii, p. 14. ed. Hess.) If we may be allowed the remark, the word Casci would seem to have sprung from the same root whence have originated so many derivative forms in the early

religious and mythological language of the heathen world. (Asos, Asi, Cauc-Asos, Asia, Jupiter Casius, "Oolos, &c.) As to the rudeness and barbarism of this early race, it is all conjecture. They were more probably a civilized and sacerdotal colony from the remote east.

14. Sine imperio, "without any form of government.". 15. dispari genere, "though different in origin.”————16. alius alio more viventes; i. e. viventes (alio morc), alius (vivens) alio more, "though living each after a different manner."

17. Res eorum, "their state.”- -18. civibus, moribus, &c. "increased in number of citizens, improved in manners, and enlarged in territory." The participle assumes a different meaning here with each of the nouns to which it refers. The grammarians call this a Zeugma.. -19. sicuti pleraque mortalium habentur, "as is the case for the most part with human affairs."- -opulentia, "prosperity."

20. Tentare. The infinitive is here put for the imperfect of the indicative, a practice for which Sallust is perhaps more famed than any other author. Grammarians term it the historical infinitive, as being principally used in historical narratives, in order to give an air of rapidity and animation to the sen tence. This construction is usually explained by an ellipsis of coepit or coeperunt, which may often be supplied; in other cases, however, it will not accord with the sense. There ap pears to be some remote analogy between this usage of the infinitive in Latin, and the idiom of the Greek, by which the same mood, taken as an absolute verbal idea only, is made to stand for the imperative. (Vid. Rost. G. G. p. 470. Matthiæ, G. G. vol. 2. p. 824, and Blomfield ad loc.)

21. Perculsi. Other editions have percussi which is inferior. Bentley (ad Horat. Epod. 11. 3.) correctly lays down the distinction between percellere and percutere, as follows: “Utrumque de corpore proprie, de animo usтapoginãs dicitur. Percellere tamen magis quid quam percutere significat; tanta scilicet vi percutere, ut evertas et solo prosternas. Ergo in re graviore perculsus aptius vocabulum est; perculsus terrore, metu, formidine, clade, ruina, damno, discordiis, passim in auctoribus occurrunt."

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