consequence of the shameful oppression exercised by a usurer named Papirius, by which law it was provided that the persons of debtors should not be subject to restraint on account of their debts. Prætoris, sc. urbani, the judge before whom civil causes were tried. Argentum ære solutum est, i. e. instead of a silver sesterce, an as of copper of one fourth the value of the former, was paid, § 327, R. 3. Sæpe ipsa plebes-secessit, a secession of the common people is said to have thrice occurred. Ipsa plebes, "the people on their part,' in dis tinction from majores vestrum, the patricians. Measures designed for public relief had originated sometimes with the senate and sometimes with the common people.

XXXIV. Si quid ab senatu petere vellent, ab armis decedant. The imperfect followed by the present is an unusual construction.

Ab eo; eo it will be observed is in the singular, though referring both to senatum and populum, which appear to be here spoken of collectively as one body.

Discedant-proficiscantur, § 266, R. 1. Not only the mood but the tense of the oratio directa is here retained.

Ea mansuetudine atque misericordia, § 211, R. 8, (2.)

Litteras mittit is followed by the infinitive with the accusative, in the same manner that scribit would be, § 272.

Non

quo sibi tanti sceleris, conscius esset, § 262, R. 9.

XXXV. Re cognita, "ascertained" or "proved by deeds" or " actual services," "known by experience." Catiline had been defended by Catulus when accused of a capital crime in reference to Fabia. See Chap. XV Gratam-fiduciam, "a pleasing confidence."

In magnis meis periculis, "while exposed to great perils." Commendationi mea, i. e. to his commendation of Orestilla to the care of Catulus. See the close of this letter. The common reading of the whole sentence, is, Egregia tua fides, re cognita, grata mihi magnis in meis periculis fiduciam commendationi meæ tribuit. If for re cognita, we were allowed to read recognita, "recollected," the passage might be translated, the recollection of your faithful attachment (so) pleasant to me while exposed to imminent perils, gives, &c." In this way, magnis periculis, might be understood either of his present dangers, or of those in which Catulus had formerly assisted him.

Quamobrem, i. e. on account of his reliance upon the friendship of Catulus, In novo consilio, "in my new enterprise."

Non statui parare, for statui non parare, as non, though modifying an infinitive, is placed before the verb on which the infinitive depends Satisfactionem. Supply sed.

De culpa, instead of the gen. culpæ.

Quam, sc. satisfactionem. Licet cognoscas. § 262, R. 4, "you may be assured"-Veram, sc. esse.

Statum dignitatis, i. e. the consulship.—Mis nominibus, sc. factum, sive contractum.-Ex possessionibus, sc. meis.

Alienis nominibus, sc. as alienum.

Quum et, i. e. quum etiom

Non dignos homines. He probably refers especially to Cicero, a novus homo.

Pro meo casu," considering my unfo tunate condition."

Plura quum scriberem. The pretence of personal danger, on account of which this letter closes thus abruptly, appears to have been intended by Catiline to serve as an apology, for not opening his heart more fully to one, in whom he professed to place implicit confidence.

XXXVI. Condemnatis, is in the dative connected by præter in the sense of præterquam to iis understood referring to multitudini, which depends on liceret, 278, R. 1.

Duobus senati decretis, § 257, R. 7, "notwithstanding two decrees of the senate," for the former of these, see Chap. XXX.

Neque quisquam omnium, § 207, R. 31.

Tanta vis morbi, the moral malady here referred to, was the excessive desire of a change in public affairs. See the beginning of Chap. XXXVIL XXXVII. Aliena," alienated," sc. from the government.

Quibus opes nullæ sunt, bonis invident sc. ii. When the demonstrative would differ in case from the relative it is commonly expressed. See a similar example in Chap. XIII, quippe quos,etc.

Ea vero; ea in this passage, though pleonastic in its construction, serves to distinguish emphatically the populace of the city from the common people of the empire in general, whose disaffection is mentioned at the beginning of this chapter.

Præceps ierat, i. e. into the revolutionary designs of Catiline.

Primùm omnium, the principal classes into which the populace of the city was divided, and the causes of dissatisfaction in each are mentioned under the five general divisions, marked by primùm omnium, deinde, præterea, præterea, ad hoc. The first general division is subdivided into three classes by qui ubique, item alii and postremo

Alios senatores, sc. esse or fieri.

Privatis atque publicis largitionibus, a monthly distribution of corn was made to the populace at the public expense, in addition to the largesses of wealthy and ambitious citizens.

Juxta ac, “just as," i. e. " as badly as," "no better than."

Præterea quorum, sc. ii, § 206, (4).

Jus libertatis imminutum. Sylla had ordered that the children of those whom he had proscribed, should be held ineligible to office, and in this respect they were still deprived of the common rights of citizens. Aliarum partium erant, § 211, R. 8, (2.) “who belonged to another party.' Atque senati, i. e. atque senati partium.

Quàm minùs valere ipsi, “than to have less power themselves." Before valere supply se, § 239, R. 2. Ipsi, § 207, R. 28.

lul adeò malum. The alarming evil here spoken of arising from the bit terness of party spirit, had on many previous occasions threatened the ruin of the state.

▲ XVIII. Tribunicia potestas, the power of the tribunes had been greatly restricted by L. Sylla, but was restored in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus. A. U. C 684.

Summam potestatem nacti. The tribunicial power is here referred to, though this power in its proper use was not the highest power in the state. Senati specie, i. e. senati magnitudinis specie, "for (the advancement or, their own power, under the semblance (of promoting that) of the senate."

XXXIX. Bellum maritimum, this war, called also bellum piraticum, was carried on by Pompey, A. U. C, 687, against the Cilicians, who had filled every sea with piratical vessels, and had even plundered some of the Italian cities. In forty days the war was brought to a successful termination. In consequence of this eminent success, Pompey was appointed to the command of the war against Mithridates.

Ceteros, i. e. other patricians who were supposed to court the favour of the people or to belong to the popular party, as Crassus, Cæsar, &c.

Qui plebem. The reading of Kritz. Others read Quò plebem.

Tractarent, $266, 3.

Animos torum sc. plebis.

Neque illis, i. e. neque tamem illis. See Neque in Dict.

Tamen, "notwithstanding" these considerations.

Parens necari jussit, under the Roman law fathers had the power of putting to death their children.

XL. Bellicosa esset, $ 266, 3.

Facile eos. The subject of adduci posse was understood with oppressos. but after the parenthesis præterea quod etc. is repeated. So in Chap. XXXVII. ea vero.

Plerisque principibus civitatum, sc. Gallicarum.

Atque eos noverat, § 183, 3, N. 3.—Civitatis, sc. Allobrogum :—Ejus, sc. civitatis.

Quem excitum tantis malis, § 211, R. 5.

Postquam videt. Postquam is often found in Sallust with the historical present.

Miseriis suis remedium. The objective dative, § 211, R. 5.

Exspectare. Before this verb, which depends on dicentes understood, wc must supply se.

Viri esse vultis, $ 210, R. 6.

Hæc ubi dixit, § 259, R. 1, (2), (d.)—Tam difficile esse, 270, R. 2. Dum ea res. Ea res is used here and in other places instead of id; the general idea expressed in English by thing, being expressed in Latin sometimes by res, and sometimes by adjectives in the neuter gender. and hence a transition is often made from one of these modes to the other.

Ab Roma aberat, § 255, R. 2.-Pollicitos operam suam, y 208, (7).

Domum dimittit. Domus here signifies not their native country, but their place of residence at Rome.

XLI. In incerto habuere, quidnam, &c., § 229. R. 5.

In altera parte. The motives on the part of the ambassadors and their countrymen to engage in the conspiracy are first mentioned.

In spe victoria, "in the hope of victory," i. e. in the victory hoped for.
At in ultera The advantages of betraying the conspiracy are next cor

sidered, and these appear to be personal to the ambassadors, rather than to their countrymen in general.

66

Majores opes, 'greater power and influence," to be enjoyed by the ambassadors, as a reward from the Romans for betraying the con spiracy.

Certa pramia. Specific rewards had been offered by the senate to any one who would give information respecting the conspiracy (see Chap. XXX,) but these are probably not referred to in this place.

Cujus patrocinio. Most nations subject to the Romans had some one among the senators who took the oversight of their affairs, and whom they called their patron. This patronage was hereditary.

Præcepit ut-simulent. The historical perfect followed by the present is unusual, 258, 2, (2). See J. XIII, & CXI.

XLII. Quos antea Catilina dimiserat. See Chap. XXVII.

Ex eo numero. See Numerus in Dict.

Item in ulteriore Gallia C. Murana, sc. complures in vincula conjecerat. See Item in Dict.

Ut videbantur, "as they appeared," instead of paratis copiis, quæ videbantur magnæ, i. e. satis magnæ. The impersonal videbatur is more commonly employed in this sense.

XLIII. Lentulus cum ceteris-constituerant, § 209, R. 12, (6).

Cetera multitudo conjurationis, “the rest of the multitude concerned in the conspiracy."

Hoc modo, i. e. tali modo.

Quo tumultu, i. e. ut eo tumultu, “ that by the tumult which this would oc casion," 207, R. 20.

Alius autem alium, sc. aggrederetur.

Inter hæc parala atque decreta, § 274, R. 5.

XLIV. Ex præcepto Ciceronis. See Chap. XLI, near the end.

Quod signatum ad cives perferant, § 264, 5.

Dant. sc. jusjurandum signatum.

Eo brevi venturum, i. e. into the country of the Allobroges.

Mittit uti confirmarent. The imperfect depending upon the historical present, $258, 2, R. 1, (a.)

Quis sim. Cicero, who had the intercepted letter in his possession, has given it in 3d Cat. 12, as follows: Qui sim, ex eo quem ad te misi, cognosces. Cura ut vir sis, et cogita quem in locum sis progressus, et vide quid jam tibi sit necesse. Cura ut omnium tibi auxilia adjungas, etiam

infimorum.

Fac cogites, 262, R. 4, & § 267, R. 3.-Et memineris, § 183 3, N. 3. XLV. Cetera, "as for the rest," i. e. in regard to details.

Ita agant, sc. ut, § 262, R. 4.

Homines militares, sc. Flaccus and Pomptinus.

Præsidiis collocatis. See 3d oration against Catiline, Chap. V.

Ad id loci, $212, R. 3.- Et simul, i. e. et simul ac.

XLVI. Quibus rebus confectis, these events occurred on the night between the 2d and 3d of December, A. U. C 691.

Consuli, sc. Ciceroni.

Pœnam illorum, sc. videbat or verebatur, the latter of which may be im plied in anxius erat.

Sibi oneri, "would bring a weight of odium upon him."

Perdendæ reipublicæ, $275, III, R. 1, (5).

Ipse manus tenens. This was intended as a mark of respect to the official character of Lentulus.

Edem Concordia. In this temple, built by Camillus, upon the side of the Capitoline mount, the senate that day assembled, and in a private apartment of this temple the conspirators seem to have been detained, until they were introduced into the senate.

Mugna frequentia, § 257, R. 7, (a.)

Volturcium cum legatis. Cum in this place does not imply any very close connection of time, as it appears from Cicero, (Or. in Cat. III, 4,) that Volturcius was introduced apart from the Gauls. It is equivalent to et. &LVII. Quid, aut qua de causa, consilii habuisset, "what design he had entertained, or for what reason he had entertained it."

Fingere alia, i. e. other than what pertained to the conspiracy. Nihil amplius scire quam legatos. This expression is thought by some to be ambiguous. Its more obvious meaning is that "he knew nothing more than the ambassadors knew." Kritz and Herzog however interpret it to mean that "he knew nothing more than," or taking nihil for neminem that " he knew none besides the ambassadors:" i. e. none of the conspirators besides. If we translate docet, "he shows," the common translation may perhaps be sustained, for it is obvious from Chap XLVIII, that he disclosed many things relating to the conspiracy, though most of them may have been known to the ambassadors also. Cinnam atque Sullam antea, sc. urbis potitos esse.

Ab incenso Capitolio. The burning of the Capitol here referred to occur. red A. U. C. 671.

Decernit uti-haberentur, $258, R. 1.-C. Cæsari, i. e. C. Julio Cesari. {LVIII. Alia belli facinora prædæ, sc. sibi, § 227.

Quum se diceret indicaturum. Respecting this position of se, consult note on Sese student præstare, Chap. 1.

Indicaturum (esse,)-data esset, § 266, 2, R. 4.

De itinere hostium, i. e. of the conspirators, towards Rome.

Missum a M. Crasso. See Chap. XVII.

Lentulus, Cethegus, aliique deprehensi, "the arrest of Lentulus," &c $274, R. 5, (a.)

Terrerent, sc. eum, i. e. Catilinam.

Et illi-eriperentur sc. Lentulus, Cethegus, alii.

Tanta vis hominis, instead of homo tante vis.

Deque ea re, i. e. concerning the truth or falsehood of the testimony of Tarquinius.

Consulente Cicerone, sc. senatum.

Neque amplius potestatem, i. e. indicandi, " of giving testimony."

Qui existimarent, $264, 6.

More suo. This custom of Crassus, of patronizing the meanest and vilest, is mentioned by Plutarch also.