stituted the first line:' the verb agrees with the predicate nominative. The date of this battle, nominally August 2d, 216 B. C., was really some day near the middle of June.

CHAP. XLVI. 21. transgressus: from the northwest to the southeast bank. ut quosque . . . locabat: 'stationed them in line of battle in the same order in which he had led them across the river.' 25. firmata: formed of.' 26. Galli atque Hispani: it was his intention, as usual, to let them bear the brunt of the fight, and to spare his Africans as much as possible.

body.

29. scuta: oblong shields, covering the whole 30. dispares ac dissimiles: 'different in size and

shape.'

Page 192. 2. praetextis: 'edged,' 'bordered.' 6. Hasdrubal not Hannibal's brother, who was in Spain. 9. obliquus erat: 'shone sideways.'

CHAP. XLVII. 17. minime equestris more pugnae: there was no room for the ordinary cavalry tactics; the cavalry opposed to the Romans on this wing were numerous enough to push them off the field by mere weight; 8,000 Gauls and Spaniards against less than 2,400 Romans. 19. ad evagandum :

'for manoeuvring.'

20. In derectum: 'straight forward.' 22. Pedestre: predicate. 25.

21. turba: modal ablative. Sub: about the time of.' 27. Gallis: A. 235; H. 384, II.

4, N. 2.

28. obliqua fronte: this probably means that they advanced their wings, making their front concave, so as to fit against the convex front (cuneum) of the enemy, whose centre was advanced beyond the wings. The Gauls and Spaniards seem to have fallen back till the Africans on the wings became engaged. The latter were called subsidia, reserves, not because placed directly behind the other troops, but because placed further back and not intended to engage at the outset in the fight. As the Romans pressed on the shallow centre of Gauls and Spaniards, the latter, falling back, first made the front straight (aequavit frontem), then, retiring still further, made it concave (sinum in medio dedit). Then the wings enveloped the Romans on both flanks, so that they were assailed on three sides at once, while the centre ceased to give ground in front of them, and the Africans gradually extended their lines around the rear. The Romans, thus huddled into insufficient space, found their unusually deep files another source of embarrassment, for those in the interior of the columns were unable to fight, while the ever tightening ring of the enemy kept closing in as the outer ranks fell before them. 31. tenore uno: 'without stopping.'

Page 193. 6. cornua: the extremities of the alae.

CHAP. XLVIII. 16. segne: this is not surprising, as the 2,000 light Numidian horsemen were opposed to more than

twice that number of the Italian allies.

21. in mediam

aciem: this phrase probably arises from the fact that Livy is following two different accounts, - one of which represents this manœuvre as carried out by Celtiberians against the Roman infantry in the centre; or possibly the phrase simply means that the cavalry open their ranks in the midst to receive the Numidians. 25. scutis: i. e. of fallen Romans, which would for a time prevent their being recognized as enemies. 29. alibi

alibi: the first refers to the right wing, the second to the centre. 30. in mala iam spe: though hope was already abandoned.' Hasdrubal: we must infer what is not stated; viz., that after dispersing the Roman right, Hasdrubal had made

his way behind the Romans to the left wing to help the Numidians against the cavalry of the allies, and that, when the latter were routed, he left the pursuit to the Numidians and turned with his own heavy cavalry against the Roman infantry. But still the phrase, subductos ex media acie, is unintelligible.

Page 194. CHAP. XLIX. 3. Parte altera: this is ambiguous, as all parts of the battle have been described, but occurrit Hannibali shows that the centre is meant.

10. Quam mallem, etc. ironical; he feels that they are beaten just as surely as if they were already prisoners in his hands. 11. quale sc. est or solet esse. iam haud dubia, etc. when the victory of the enemy is no longer doubtful.' 15. superantis: 'survivors ;' as often, superare = superesse. 18. praetervehens: 'riding by;' used as participle of praeter

vehor, as if it were a deponent.

d, N.; H. 369, 3; G. 324, R. I.

25. macte virtute: A. 241, 26. cave . . . absumas: A.

331, f, last note; 269, a, 3; H. 489, 2); 499, 2; G. 264, II.

Page 195.

2. Haec .

1. alieno crimine: 'by accusing another.' agentis 'as they were talking thus.' 11. Venusiam about twenty-eight miles southwest of the battle-field; since 291 B. C. it had been a "Latin" colony. 16. undetriginta tribuni the staff and field officers of the legions, six for each. consulares, etc.: ex-consuls, ex-praetors, ex-aediles; in apposition with tribuni. 20. eos... unde . . . deberent: 'such as gave them the right to be enrolled in the senate;' on giving up a curule office the incumbent was entitled to a seat in the senate, but could not be formally placed on the list of senators till the 22. sua voluntate: 'as volunteers;' after holding such offices they were exempt from ordinary military duty.

next census.

CHAP. L. 25. Aliensi: the battle on the Allia, July 18th, 390 B. C., was followed by the capture and destruction of Rome by the Gauls. 27. quia. cessatum: 'because the enemy were remiss' in following up their victory. 30. alterius . . . exercitus fuit: almost all the army shared the fate of the other one who died;' alterius, predicative possessive genitive. mittant: i. e. to the smaller camp.

33.

Page 196. near the river.

2. Canusium: about five miles southwest, 10. aestimarique capita, etc.: 'to have a value set upon your heads and your ransom determined.' 11. civis . . . an . . . socius cf. p. 149, ll. 8-10, for the different

manner in which Hannibal treated the Romans and their allies. 12. alteri: the socius as distinguished from the civis; comparatively the former would experience honos, the latter contumelia. 15. cives: fellow citizens; concivis is not classical. 19. quamvis construe with confertos; however.' Cuneo: 'in

a compact column,' the usual sense of the word. 22. Haec ubi, etc. a hexameter and a half, supposed to have come from Ennius through Coelius. 25. translatis

shield was ordinarily worn on the left arm. tinus: then as they went on.'

6

scutis: the

26. inde pro

CHAP. LI. 32. bello if this word is used intentionally instead of pugna, it is not to be wondered at that they thought such a victory would end the war. Against any but the Romans, it doubtless would have done so.

quam

Page 197. 6. maiorque, posset : 'too great to be at once realized.' 7. voluntatem: 'zeal.' 11. satis creditur, etc. in after times it was a stock question for debate in the schools of rhetoric whether or not Hannibal should have marched upon Rome at this time. He certainly could not have captured it by a sudden dash of cavalry. The walls were strong, the population large and used to fighting. His army was not large enough to invest the city, and he had no engines for a siege. What he was waiting for, was the desertion of Rome's allies and the breaking up of the Italian confederacy. etiam hostibus: 'even in the eyes of an enemy.' 17. stricta matutino frigore: stinging in the cold of the early morning.' 24. convertit omnes: attracted the attention of all.' 26. ille: the Roman.

14.

33.

CHAP. LII. 29. ad multum diei: 'till late in the day.' 31. brachio: a line of entrenchment,' 'a breastwork.' Pacti: followed by double construction: (1) the clause, ut traderent; (2) the ablatives of price, trecenis, etc., i. e. the price at which they might be ransomed if they surrendered as prisoners of war.

Page 198. 1. nummis quadrigatis: silver denarii (of the value of ten reduced asses, about one sixth of a dollar), so called because stamped with an image of Jupiter driving a four-horse chariot (quadriga). Mr. Capes observes that money dealings with the Carthaginians were by weight. 5. seorsum: sẽ (= sine) and vorsum (=versum), like rursus re-versus) and prorsus (= pro-versus), etc. 7. hominum=peditum. 12. si quid argenti: sc. erat.

table service.'

13. ad vescendum facto: made for 14. perexiguo: the era of luxury, introduced

by foreign conquest, was soon to begin.

CHAP. LIII. 30. adulescentem: eighteen years old. 31. summa imperii: 'the chief command.' 32. inter paucos : 'with a few others.' de summa rerum: 'about the general situation of affairs.' 33. P. Furius Philus: probably a son

of the praetor urbanus; cf. p. 180, 1. 21.

Page 199. 4. spectare: 'had in view,' i. e. 'intended to have recourse to.' regum they would take service in the army of some foreign prince. 5. super following upon.' 6. torpidos defixisset: 'had petrified;' the adjective expresses the effect of the verb. 9. fatalis... belli: 'destined to put an end to this war,' i. e. by the defeat of Hannibal fourteen years later at Zama in Africa. 13. hospitium: 'quarters,'

'lodging.'

16. Ex mei animi sententia: upon my honor,' i. e. without mental reservation; a common formula in taking an oath.

CHAP. LIV. 30. togas: not worn at all by the private soldiers of the infantry, and not by any one when actually under quinos vicenos: the equites had ordinarily three times the pay of the pedites; what the latter received on this occasion was about a month's pay.

arms.

8. consularis

Page 200. 1. gravius: too heavy.' exercitus: this was ordinarily two legions, with the proper complement of socii. 12. occidione occisum: 'utterly destroyed; this sounds like a Hebraism. 14. salva urbe: this phrase is inserted to cover the single exception to the statement, i. e. the capture of Rome by the Gauls in 390 B. C. succumbam oneri: it would perhaps be better to omit ne,

15. ne