History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815], Volume 9

Archibald Alison

Blackwood, 1849

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Measures of Napoleon for a grand concentric attack upon Vienna	1

Defensive measures of the Archduke Charles	2

Dispositions of Napoleon	3

March of the army to Ebersberg on the Traun	4

Description of the scenery near Salzburg	5

Causes of its extraordinary beauty	6

Description of the position of Ebersberg	7

And of the Austrian corps which occupied	8

Hideous appearance of the town when surrendered Losses on both sides	358

Cruel use which the French generals made of their victory	359

Submission of the whole of Aragon	360

Operations in Catalonia under StCyr	361

Siege of Rosas	362

Extraordinary interest of the Tyrolese war 2 Description of the Tyrol 3 Opposite character of the northern and southern sides of the mountains 4 Des...	363

73	364

Defeat of the Spaniards at Molinos del Rey	365

Massena resolves to attack Desperate gallantry of the French	9

After a frightful struggle the post is still maintained	10

The French at last gain the pass	11

Hiller falls back towards Vienna	12

Advance of the French army towards Vienna	13

It arrives before that city	14

Napoleons observations on Richard CoeurdeLion	15

Ineffectual attempt to defend Vienna Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ib 8 9 10 11	16

Napoleons measures to reduce Vienna	17

Danger of the future Empress Marie Louise 17 19 The Archduke Maximilian abandons Vienna which capitulates ib 20 Position of the different corps...	18

Astonishing industry of the people	19

Mechanical contrivances in the Tyrol	20

Movements of the Archduke Charles and position of his army	21

The Archduke at length advances towards Vienna	22

Retreat of the Archduke John from Italy	23

Battle of the Piave	24

Defeat of the Austrians 21 22	25

Retreat of the Austrians from Italy into Hungary 27 Capture of the mountain forts of Carinthia and Styria by the French	26

Assault of the Col di Tarvis and other forts	27

Of Martin Teimer and Baron Hormayer	28

Noble defence of Hermann and progress of Macdonald	29

Fall of Trieste Laybach and the whole frontier defences of Austria	30

Total defeat of Jellachich in the valley of the Muhr	31

Eugene advances to Vienna and joins Napoleon	32

Description of the islands of the Danube near Vienna and the different	35

Napoleons preparations to effect the passage Failure at Nussdorf	36

channels of the river	37

Passage of the river	38

Operations of the Archduke on the Upper Danube at Lintz and Krems	39

The Archduke resolves to attack the French who had crossed	40

Austrian plan and order of attack	41

Position and dangers of the French army	42

Napoleon is surprised but resolves to give battle 44 Austrian plan of attack and forces on both sides 45 Desperate conflict at Aspern ib 36 37 38 40 4...	43

Which is at length carried by the Austrians	44

Grand charge of the French cavalry in the centre	45

Bloody attack on Essling which proves unsuccessful	46

March of Soult Ney and Mortier into Wellingtons rear	47

Feelings with which both parties passed the night on the field of battle	49

Heroic constancy of the French 47	50

Renewal of the action on the 22d Aspern and Essling are again obsti nately disputed	51

Aspern is finally carried by the Austrians	52

Napoleon makes a grand attack on the Austrian centre	53

Which is at first successful	54

Desperate resistance of the Austrian centre	55

Success of Hohenzollern and rupture of the bridges	56

The French retire towards the island of Lobau	57

Invincible defence of Essling by the Imperial Guard	58

Last attack of the Austrians and fall of Marshal Lannes	59

His death	60

Results of the battle and loss on both sides	61

Deplorable situation of the French army in the island of Lobau on	62

Council of war in the island of Lobau in which it is resolved by Napo leon to maintain himself in that island	63

The position there is accordingly maintained and Napoleon retires to Vienna	64

Reflections on the tactics of Napoleon in the battle of Aspern	65

His military errors and rashness on this occasion	66

Observations on the French method of attacking in column 60	67

Glorious character of the Austrian resistance at Aspern	70

Disastrous effects of the Archduke Johns disobedience of orders	71

Immense importance of central fortresses on the defence of nations	72

Infatuation of England in this respect	73

Remarkable contrast afterwards exhibited by France	78

Recall of StCyr and distress of the place	83

27	90

100	100

Argument on the other side by the Ministers	101

Results of these successes Entire deliverance of the Tyrol 38 Menaces of Napoleon against Chastellar and Hormayer	107

Actions on the Salzburg frontier	113

The Archduke John violates his orders and promises and evacuates Styria and the Tyrol	117

Desperate state of affairs in the Tyrol and firmness of the peasantry 45 Preparations for the battle of Innspruck	118

Rise of the insurrection in the north of Germany	124

NOARER2882 61	137

62	138

63	139

64	140

65	141

66	142

67	143

CHAPTER LXII	145

Hidden real designs of the Emperor as to the point of passage	150

Battle of Raab	156

Operations of Giulay in Carniola and Styria	162

Extraordinary concentration of the French forces in the island of Lobau	169

Efforts of Napoleon to restore the spirit of his soldiers	171

Force and disposition of the Austrian army	172

Positions of the Austrian corps	173

False preparations for a passage in front of Aspern	174

Extraordinary passage of the Danube by Napoleon	175

Dreadful tempest and scene during the passage ib 31 Vast advantages gained by this manœuvre to the French	176

Retreat of the Austrians to the position of Wagram	178

68	179

Advance of the French over the Marchfeld ib 35 Vehement attack of the French on the plateau of Wagram	180

Which after a desperate struggle is at length repulsed	182

Position and plan of Napoleon for the battle on the following day	183

The Archduke resolves to assume the offensive	184

His plan of attack	185

Commencement of the battle of Wagram	186

Defeat of Massena in the centre	187

Napoleons measures to arrest the disorder	188

Dreadful trial to which the troops were exposed in executing them	189

Splendid progress of the Austrian right towards Essling	190

Success of Davoust against the Austrian left wing	191

Terrible shock which there took place	192

Neusiedel is taken and the Austrian left driven back	193

Grand attack by Napoleon from the centre	194

Decisive advance of Macdonald in the centre	195

Measures of Napoleon to support that attack	197

Retreat of the Archduke ib 52 Appearance of the Austrian army and bloody encounters on its retreat	198

Tardy approach and retreat of the Archduke John Vital importance of his cooperation	200

Results of the battle	201

The loss of the battle was owing to the Archduke Johns neglect of orders	202

Decisive evidence which exists of this	203

Napoleon visits the field of battle	205

And makes Macdonald a marshal	206

Appointment of Oudinot and Marmont marshals of the empire Dis grace of Bernadotte	207

Who is appointed to the command of Antwerp and again disgraced	208

The Austrians retire towards Bohemia	209

And take the road to Znaym ib 64 Retreat of the Archduke to Znaym and his position there	210

Advance of Marmont and conclusion of the armistice of Znaym	212

Motives which led the Austrians to this armistice	213

Arguments against the armistice at the French headquarters	214

70	215

Limits assigned to the two armies by the armistice ib 71 Hesitation of the Emperor of Austria to sign the armistice which is only done on the 18th Hea...	216

CAMPAIGN OF THE DOURO AND TALAVERA	222

CHAPTER LX	225

Reasons for not sending the expedition to the north of Germany or Spain	231

30	236

Siege and capture of Flushing	240

Debates on the Walcheren expedition	246

Career of Mr Perceval	248

His character as an orator and statesman	252

31	255

32	257

33	258

Which leads to the conclusion of the negotiation	264

Disadvantages of the attack in column when steadily resisted 69 Napoleons reasons for his rash conduct 49	270

VOL IX	273

50	276

51	277

ib 52	278

54	279

55	280

ib 57	282

59	284

Adventures of Haspinger and Spechbacher	288

Concluding operations of the campaign in Poland	294

S Page 78 Napoleon approves of the Popes seizure	304

Thorough fusion of the Roman States with the French empire	305

Prejudicial effect of this measure on the independence of the Church	306

Vast and admirable works undertaken by the French at Rome	307

Immutability of the Roman Catholic Faith	309

Reflections on the spoliation of the Pope as connected with Napoleons subsequent reverses	310

CHAPTER LVIII	312

Noble spirit which prevailed at this time in the British diplomatic engage ments Rejection of the proposals from Erfurth	313

Treaty offensive and defensive between England and Spain	314

And with Sweden	315

Treaty between Great Britain and Turkey	316

Extension to which it led of British Continental commerce	317

Arguments of the Opposition against the Spanish war	318

Alleged absence of the means of continued resistance in Spain	319

And errors into which Sir John Moore had been led by Frere	320

Answer of Ministers in support of the Spaniards	321

Great successes already achieved	322

Absolute necessity to Spain of external aid	323

Defence of Sir John Moores advance	324

The evacuation of the country had been done at the instance of Sir David Baird Result of the debate	325

Light which these debates threw on the real errors of the campaign ib 17 The government resolve to support the Spanish war and Sir A Wellesley is s...	326

Measures to increase the land forces	327

Budget and naval and military forces of Britain	328

French expedition sails from Brest for Basque Roads	329

Preparations for the attack on the enemy in Basque Roads ib 23 Dreadful nocturnal attack and consequences to the French fleet	331

Attack on the ships ashore and destruction of part of them	333

Lord Cochrane advances unsupported and gains partial success ib 26 Proceedings which followed in England	334

Napoleons opinion on this subject	335

Character of Lord Cochrane ib 29 His indiscretions lead unhappily to his disgrace	336

Capture of Martinique and St Domingo in the West Indies	337

And of the isle of Bourbon in the East	338

Reduction of the seven Ionian islands ib 33 Fruitless expedition of Sir J Stuart against the coast of Naples	339

Brilliant success of Lord Collingwood in the Mediterranean	340

And in Spain	342

Forces and distribution of the French in Spain	343

Effect in the Peninsula of the English treaty and resolution to defend Portugal and stand by Spain	345

Preparations for the siege of Saragossa	346

Preparations which had been made for the defence of the place ib 41 Preparatory dispositions of Palafox	347

Forces of the besiegers and progress of the siege before the trenches were opened	348

Assault and fall of all the external fortified posts	349

Storming of the convents of Santa Engracia and the Capuchins in the ramparts	350

Obstinate defence of the town after the walls were taken	351

Slow progress of the assailants	352

Despair begins to spread among the French soldiers	353

Miseries to which the besieged were exposed from pestilence	354

Heroic deeds of the women of Saragossa ib 50 Able efforts and successes of Marshal Lannes on the left of the Ebro	355

Capitulation of Saragossa	357

Redings plan of a general attack on the enemy to clear the way for Saragossa	366

Defeat of the Spaniards at Igualada	367

Languid operations in Catalonia after this success and retreat of StCyr to the north of the province	368

Unsuccessful attempt on Barcelona ib 65 Renewal of the contest by Blake in Aragon	369

Suchet takes the command in Aragon His early history	370

His progress as a general of division	371

His character	372

Approach of Blake to Saragossa	373

Indecisive action at Maria close to Saragossa	374

Disgraceful rout of the Spaniards at Belchite	375

StCyrs preparations for the siege of Gerona	376

Unfortunate supply of Barcelona with stores by sea	377

Preparations of the besieged for their defence	378

Description of Gerona	379

Progress of the siege ib 78 Fall of Monjuich	380

Efforts of the Spaniards for the relief of Gerona which are successful	381

Heroic constancy of the besieged	382

Repulse of the grand assault ib 82 Extreme distress of the besieged from want of provisions	383

And through EntreDouroeMinho	393

State of affairs in Portugal 341	398

Total defeat of the Spanish army of the centre at Ucles	399

Extraordinary intrigues in Soults army at this period	405

Commencement of the passage of the Douro	412

Wellingtons preparations for operations in Estremadura	418

Bloody action on the 27th of July	424

Cuesta abandons Talavera and the English wounded	435

Transfer of the British army to the frontier of Beira	446

Rashness and folly of the Spanish rulers	452

CHAPTER LXIII	459

Josephines dignified answer	465

S Page 8 Proposals made to the Emperor Alexander for an alliance with his sister	466

Difficulties with which they were met at the court of St Petersburg	467

Napoleon proposes to Marie Louise and is accepted ib 11 Journey of the Empress Marie Louise to Paris	468

Singular breach of etiquette which took place when they met	469

Pique of the Emperor Alexander on the occasion	470

Further demands of France and refusal of the Pope	472

Character of Josephine ib 16 Her weaknesses	473

Character of Marie Louise	474

Journey of the Emperor and Empress to Belgium	475

Dreadful catastrophe at Prince Schwartzenbergs ball	476

Singular intrigue of Fouché	477

The intrigue is discovered	478

Rupture with Louis Buonaparte	480

Incorporation of Holland with the French empire	482

Flight of Lucien Buonaparte to America	483

General consternation in England at the results of the last campaign	484

Address of the city of London for an inquiry into the conduct of Wel lington	485

Extraordinary expressions in the petition of the common council of London	486

Argument of the Opposition against Wellingtons campaign and the con tinuance of the war in Spain	487

Alleged bad generalship of Wellington	488

And his defective system of supply for the army	489

Ministers said to be the cause of these disasters	490

Answer of the administration in support of the war	491

The immediate results of the battle of Talavera	492

Unshaken resolution of the Spaniards	493

Reflections on this debate	494

Important effect which these gloomy views in England had on the conduct of the French government	496

Resolution of parliament and supplies of the year	497

Preparations of Napoleon for the campaign in Spain ib 42 Prodigious extortions and contributions in Spain by which this immense force was maintai...	499

Preparations for the invasion of Andalusia by the French ib 44 Forcing of the passes of the Sierra Morena	500

Conquest of Andalusia and Granada ib 46 Rapid and able march of Albuquerque	502

Which saves Cadiz	503

Operations in Catalonia Suchets failure before Valencia	505

Fall of Hostalrich the garrison of which cuts its way through the besiegers	506

Siege of Lerida and action at Margalef	507

Fall of Lerida ib 52 Atrocious cruelty by which the citadel was taken	508

Fall of Mequinenza	509

Disasters of Augereau in Catalonia and his recall	510

Extraordinary difficulties to which Wellington was exposed	512

Inefficiency and weakness of the Portuguese government	514

Cracow is occupied by the Poles	515

Preparations for the grand attack on Portugal by Massena May 1810	516

Force of Wellington for the defence of Portugal	517

Siege and fall of Ciudad Rodrigo ib 63 Combat on the Coa	519

Siege and fall of Almeida	520

Retreat of Wellington into the interior of Portugal	521

He crosses the Mondego and takes post at Busaco	522

Night before the battle of Busaco ib 68 Battle of Busaco	523

Bloody defeat of the French	524

Important results of this battle	525

Massena turns the British left	526

Wellington retires to Torres Vedras	527

Description of the lines of Torres Vedras	528

Junction of Romana and admirable position of the British army	529

Continued distresses of the French	531

Who at length retreat ib 77 Position of the French at Santarem	532

Wellington declines to attack him and Massena at length retires	533

Operations of Soult in Estremadura	534

Total defeat of Mendizabel at the Gebora	535

Siege and fall of Badajoz	537

Operations before Cadiz	538

Battle of Barrosa	539

Victory of the English ib 85 Who however reenter the walls of Cadiz	540

Massenas skilful system of retreat	541

Various actions during the retreat ib 88 Continuation of the retreat to the frontier	542

Action at Sabugal aud vast losses during the retreat	543

Blockade of Almeida and efforts of Massena for its relief	544

First combat of Fuentes dOnore	545

Battle of Fuentes dOnore	546

Obstinate nature of the fight	547

Steady retreat of the British centre and right	548

Massenas ultimate failure	549

Evacuation of Almeida and Massenas retreat	550

Barbarous conduct of the French during the retreat	551

Reflections on these shocking barbarities	552

Grant by parliament and subscriptions in England for their relief	553

Vast effect produced by this campaign over Europe	554

And especially in Great Britain ib 103 Error of Napoleon in the campaign and its cause	556

Magnanimous principles by which Wellington was guided	558

CHAPTER LXIV	560

Great characters which were grouped around the throne of George III	561

Its character as regards the illustrious and literary men who flourished during it	562

When the French Revolution arose	563

Religious character which at length characterised the period	564

Selfishness was the gangrene which had tainted it	566

Influence of the French Revolution on general thought in France	567

Subsequent improvement originating in suffering	568

Literature of Germany during the same period	569

Great poets of Germany	570

Her prose writers ib 14 What if the literature of England France and Germany had been combined	571

Public duties to which George III was called	572

Consequences which have ensued where a similar check did not exist	573

Contrast which the state of England exhibits	574

Character of George III ib 19 His great moral courage	576

His failings and redeeming points ib 21 His encouragement of agriculture and love of the people	577

Mental alienation of the King in the close of 1810	578

Proceedings in parliament on that event	579

Propositions brought forward by ministers ib 25 Argument for proceeding by address on the part of the Opposition	580

Anomalous nature of the proceeding by bill	581

That by address meets all the circumstances of the case	582

Answer by the ministers	583

Examination of former precedents ib 30 Defence of the procedure by bill	584

Inapplicability of the precedent of the Revolution	585

Diminution of the ministerial majority but their ultimate success ib 33 Remarkable sides taken on this occasion by the Whigs and Tories	587

Reflections on the merits of the question ib 35 The PrinceRegent continues the ministers in power	588

Discontent which this gives to the Whig party	589

The negotiation with Lords Grey and Grenville in January 1812 to form a Whig ministry proves abortive	590

Assassination of Mr Perceval	592

Reflections on this proceeding	593

Renewal of the negotiation with the Whigs	594

Difficulty respecting the officers of the household	595

Which excludes the Whigs from office	596

Reflections on this subject	597

Vital interests at stake to Europe in this negotiation	598

Results which would have followed if the Whigs had then obtained office	599

Character of George the Fourth	600

His private disposition and character	601

His great elegance of manners and felicity of expression	602

His frailties and faults	603

Character of Lord Liverpool	604

His merits and public services	605

His weaknesses and errors	606

Restoration of the Duke of York to the command of the army	607

Character of Sir Francis Burdett	608

His libel on the House of Commons	609

His committal to the Tower and consequent riots	610

Reflections on this subject	611

General distress in the manufacturing districts in 1811 and its causes	613

Ruinous effects of the Orders in Council	614

Commercial relief afforded by parliament	615

Origin and progress of the Luddite disturbances	616

They come to a height and are suppressed	617

Early history of Sir Samuel Romilly	618

His political principles and private virtues	619

Condition of English criminal law at this period ib 67 Results which had arisen from its neglect	620

Principles for which Sir Samuel Romilly and Sir James Mackintosh con tended	621

Reflections on this subject	623

Views recommended by experience on this subject	624

Review of the measures of Mr Pitt connected with the currency	625

Monetary changes during 1809 and 1810	626

Impression it produced on the legislature	627

Arguments in favour of the Bullion Report by Mr Horner and Mr Hus kisson	629

Unfavourable state of the foreign exchanges	631

Injustice which has accrued from the depreciating of the paper currency	633

Gold as the standard of value ib 78 Causes of the depreciation of the currency at various times	634

Arguments against it by the ministerial party	635

State of the metallic currency of the kingdom	636

Effects of the state of the foreign exchange on the currency	637

Prices of gold at various times	638

Influence on them of the state of our foreign relations ib 84 True nature of the depreciation of the currency	640

Reflections on this subject Dangers of resumption of cash payments at this period	641

Its effects on the finances of Great Britain	642

Errors of Mr Huskisson and his party	643

Longcontinued public delusion on this subject	645

Birth and early history of Mr Huskisson	646

His first entry into and career in parliament	647

Answer by Lords Wellesley and Liverpool	672

Budget and naval and military forces of 1811	678

Storming of the outworks of Fort Cornelius	686

at this time	692

Views of Napoleon in regard to the Pope and his transference to Paris	699

229654

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Parole e frasi comuni

Antwerp Archduke Charles Archduke John arms arrived artillery Aspern assailed attack Austrian bank battle battle of Aspern battle of Wagram Bavarians Belm Bisamberg Breitenlee bridge British campaign cavalry centre CHAP columns combat command commenced Conq contest corps cuirassiers Danube defeat defence Desp direction division Duke Ebersberg effect Emperor empire enemy enemy's England English Essling Europe fire flank force France French army front Galicia garrison Gesch Guard guns Gurw Hofer hundred Imperial important infantry Innspruck island of Lobau Lannes Lobau Lord LVII LVIII LXIII LXIV Marchfeld Massena ment military monarchy mountains Napoleon Oudinot Parl pieces of cannon Portugal Prince prisoners provinces rear resistance resolution retired retreat river Russia Scheldt side siege soldiers soon Soult Spanish Spechbacher St-Cyr Stut success tion troops Tyrol Tyrolese valley vast Vict victory Vienna Wagram Wellington whole

Informazioni bibliografiche

Titolo	History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815], Volume 9 History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815], Archibald Alison
Autore	Archibald Alison
Editore	Blackwood, 1849
Provenienza dell'originale	la University of California
Digitalizzato	22 giu 2010

Esporta citazione	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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