U. C. 537. Samnium Romam se petere simulans, Hannibal usque in A. C. 217. Pelignos populabundus rediit. Fabius medius inter hostium agmen urbemque Romam jugis ducebat: nec absistens, nec congrediens. Ex Pelignis Poenus flexit iter, retroque Apuliam repetens, Geronium pervenit, urbem metu, quia collapsa ruinis pars monium erat, ab suis desertam. Dictator in Larinate agro castra communiit. Inde sacrorum causa Romam revocatus, non imperio modo, sed consilio etiam, ac prope precibus agens cum magistro equitum, ut plus consilio, quam fortunæ, confidat: et se potius 'ducem, quam Sempronium Flaminiumque, imitetur. Ne ' nihil actum censeret, extracta prope æstate per ludifica' tionem hostis. Medicos quoque plus interdum quiete, quam movendo' atque agendo, proficere. Haud parvam rem esse, ab toties victore hoste vinci desisse, et ab con'tinuis cladibus respirasse.' Hæc nequicquam præmonito magistro equitum, Romam est profectus.

19.

Principio æstatis, qua hæc gerebantur, in Hispania quoque terra marique coeptum bellum est. Hasdrubal ad eum navium numerum, quem a fratre instructum paratumque acceperat, decem adjecit: quadraginta navium classem Himilconi tradidit: atque ita Carthagine profectus navibus prope terram, exercitum in litore ducebat, paratus confligere, quacunque parte copiarum hostis occurrisset. Cn. Scipioni, postquam movisse ex hibernis hostem audivit, primo idem consiliis fuit: deinde, minus terra, propter ingentem famam novorum auxiliorum, concurrere ausus, delecto milite ad naves1 imposito, quinque et triginta navium classe ire obviam hosti pergit. Altero ab Tarracone die

6 Per Samnium Romam &c.] His march to Rome should have been north west from Alife: the direction of the Peligni was more nearly due north. Mediis inter hostium agmen urbemque jugis. These hills formed a part of the range of the Apennines. Crossing these, he descended into the Pelignian plain by Sulmo, and taking a large amount of plunder with him, passed across to his former position at Arpi.

7 Dictator in Larinate agro &c.] This was the position from which he had watched Hannibal during his former sojourn in the same neighbourhood."

8 Non imperio modo, sed consilio &c.] "In a tone not of authority merely, but of advice and almost of entreaty."

9 Ne nihil actum censeret &c.] "He must not suppose that no object had been effected, when nearly the whole summer had been spent in disappointing the enemy."

1 Quiete, quam movendo &c.] "More by repose than by excitement and active remedies."

2 Carthagine. sc. Carthagena.

3 Idem consilii.] Of this elegant idiom, it must be remarked that it is not identical with idem consilium, which would signify "the same policy;" but signifies more correctly, "the same principle of policy."

4 Milite ad naves.] i. e. milite classico. What we would call "marines." Compare the analogous phrase servos ad remum. (1. xxxiv. 6.)

5 Altero ab Tarracone die.] "On the day following his departure from Tarraco," i. e. "on the second day

6

ad stationem, decem millia passuum distantem ab ostio Iberi U. C. 537. amnis, pervenit. Inde duæ Massiliensium speculatoriæ A. C. 217. præmissæ retulerunt, classem Punicam stare in ostio fluminis, castraque in ripa posita. Itaque, ut improvidos incautosque universo simul offuso terrore opprimeret, sublatis ancoris ad hostem vadit. Multas et locis altis positas turres' Hispania habet, quibus et speculis et propugnaculis adversus latrones utuntur. Inde primo, conspectis hostium navibus, datum signum Hasdrubali est; tumultusque prius in terra et castris, quam ad mare et ad naves, est ortus, nondum aut pulsu remorum strepituque alio nautico exaudito, aut aperientibus classem promontoriis: quum repente eques, alius super alium ab Hasdrubale missus, vagos in litore quietosque in tentoriis suis, nihil minus quam hostem aut prælium eo die exspectantes, conscendere naves propere atque arma capere jubet: classem Romanam jam haud procul portu esse. Hæc equites dimissi passim imperabant. Mox Hasdrubal ipse cum omni exercitu aderat : varioque omnia tumultu strepunt, ruentibus in naves simul remigibus militibusque, fugientium magis e terra, quam in pugnam euntium modo. Vixdum omnes conscenderant, quum alii, resolutis oris1, in ancoras evehuntur: alii, ne quid teneat, ancoralia incidunt: raptimque omnia præpropere agendo, militum apparatu nautica ministeria impediuntur, trepidatione nautarum capere et aptare arma miles prohibetur. Et jam Romanus non appropinquabat modo, sed direxerat etiam in pugnam naves. Itaque non ab hoste et prælio magis Poni, quam suomet ipsi tumultu turbati, tentata verius pugna, quam inita, in fugam averterunt classem. Et quum adversi amnis os lato agmine ac tam multis

(day's journey) from T. SeuTepaîos Ek TТappaкwvos. (Polyb. iii. 95.)

Dua-speculatoriæ.](sc. naves.) 7 Multas et locis altis turres &c.] In many other ancient countries, castles of this description, from each of which two others were always visible, formed chains of communication, along which intelligence could be communicated, by day or night, almost with the speed of electricity. Their use is beautifully illustrated by the description, in the Agamemnon of Eschylus, of the news of the capture of Troy flashing its way round the shores of the Hellespont. The sites of those Spanish castles, now generally in ruins, were designated

20.

U. C. 537. simul venientibus haud sane intrabile esset, in litus passim A. C. 217. naves egerunt: atque alii vadis, alii sicco litore excepti, partim armati, partim inermes, ad instructam per litus aciem suorum perfugere. Duæ tamen primo concursu captæ erant Punicæ naves, quattuor suppressæ. Romani, quanquam terra hostium erat, armatamque aciem toto prætentam in litore3 cernebant, haud cunctanter insecuti trepidam hostium classem, naves omnes, quæ non aut perfregerant proras litore illisas, aut carinas fixerant vadis, religatas puppibus in altum extraxere: ad quinque et viginti naves ex quadraginta cepere.

Neque id pulcherrimum ejus victoriæ fuit, sed quod una levi pugna toto ejus oræ mari potiti erant. Itaque ad Honoscam classe provecti, exscensione ab navibus in terram facta, quum urbem vi cepissent, captamque diripuissent, Carthaginem inde petunt: atque, omnem agrum circa depopulati, postremo tecta quoque conjuncta muro portisque incenderunt. Inde jam præda gravis ad Longunticam pervenit classis: ubi vis magna sparti ad rem nauticam congesta ab Hasdrubale. Quod satis in usum fuit, sublato, ceterum omne incensum est. Nec continentis modo projectas oras prætervecta, sed in Ebusum insulam' transmissum. Ubi urbe, quæ caput insulæ est, biduum nequicquam summo labore oppugnata, ubi in spem irritam frustra teri tempus animadversum est, ad populationem agri versi, direptis aliquot incensisque vicis, majore, quam ex continenti, præda parta, quum in naves se recepissent, ex Baliaribus insulis legati pacem petentes ad Scipionem venerunt. Inde flexa retro classis, reditumque in citeriora provinciæ; quo omnium populorum, qui cis Iberum incolunt, multorum et ultimæ Hispaniæ legati concurrerunt. Sed qui vere ditionis imperiique Romani facti sunt, obsidibus datis, populi, amplius fuerunt centum viginti. Igitur terrestribus quoque copiis satis fidens Romanus usque ad

3 Toto prætentam in litore.] "Lining the whole shore."

4 Quæ non aut perfregerant &c.]
Perizonius and Crevier would re-
move the negative, and thereby
destroy the obvious meaning of the
sentence. The only galleys that
the Romans could possibly have
"towed out to sea," were, of course,
those which the Carthaginians had
not staved nor stranded.

5 Pulcherrimum ejus victoriæ.]
"The most glorious feature (lit.
'the beauty') of that victory."
6 Toto ejus oræ &c.]

"Had

made themselves masters of the sea all along that coast;" and accordingly cruised back again toward Carthagena. The scene of these operations was the sea coast along those provinces now called Murcia, Valencia, and Catalonia.

7 Ebusum insulam.] sc. Iviza, one of the Pityusæ.

8 Ad populationem agri.] The island is about a hundred miles in circumference. Its principal produce consisted of figs and flocks, (Pliny, iii. 5.)

saltum Castulonensem est progressus. Hasdrubal in Lusi- U. C. 537. taniam ac propius Oceanum' concessit.

Quietum inde fore videbatur reliquum æstatis tempus, fuissetque per Poenum hostem; sed, præterquam quod ipsorum Hispanorum inquieta avidaque in novas res sunt ingenia, Mandonius Indibilisque3, qui antea Ilergetum regulus fuerat, postquam Romani ab saltu recessere ad maritimam oram, concitis popularibus, in agrum pacatum sociorum Romanorum ad populandum venerunt. Adversus eos tribunus militum cum expeditis auxiliis, a Scipione missi, levi certamine, ut tumultuariam manum, fudere omnes; occisis quibusdam captisque, magna pars armis exuta. Hic tamen tumultus cedentem ad Oceanum Hasdrubalem cis Iberum ad socios tutandos retraxit. Castra Punica in agro Ilercaonensium, castra Romana ad Novam Classem erant, quum fama repens alio avertit bellum. Celtiberi, qui principes regionis suæ legatos miserant, obsidesque dederant Romanis, nuntio misso a Scipione exciti, arma capiunt, provinciamque Carthaginiensium valido

9 Saltum Castulonensem.] "The forest of Castulo," situated between Corduba and Carthagena, now called Cazlona or Cathlona. It stood on the Bætis, now known as the Guadalquivir, i. e. guadi-al-kiber, (" the great river,") the Arabic name given by the Moors. It was the birthplace of Imilce, one of the wives of Hannibal, aud called by the Greeks Parnassia or Castalia, under the impression that its founders were Phocians.

1 Propius Oceanum.] The Bay of Biscay was at this time called Oceanus Cantabricus; and it may possibly be that part of the Atlantic to which the historian alludes.

2 Per Pænum hostem.] "As far as the Carthaginian enemy was concerned."

3 Mandonius and Indibilis were brothers. Antea, i. e. before they were reduced to submission by Cn. Scipio. (1. xxi. 61.)

Agrum pacatum sociorum Rom.] The friendly territory (i. e. Ilergetes) of the allies of the Romans. The Latin idiom requires that sociorum shall govern and not agree with Romanorum.

5 Provinciamque Carthaginiensium.] The Carthaginian possessions lay principally along the southern

R

coast, the central point being the mines in the neighbourhood of Carthagena, at the Mons Argentarius, now the Sierra Segura, from which their government extracted something near £900 a day. According to Mariana (1. i. c. 4.) it was a fire on the mountains, that by melting the veins of those mines, first discovered their existence. At a later period, (U. C. 252.) an earthquake again revealed the metallic riches of the country, and again invited the visits of foreigners. Strabo says (1.3.) that, in the time of Hamilicar Barca, the Spaniards were so wealthy, that their mangers and water-troughs were made of silver. Mines of that metal are known at present in Guadalcanal on the Sierra Morena. The tenure of the Carthaginians, however, was as precarious and unquiet, as that of a more civilized in the territory of a more barbarous nation must ever be, until the natives are assimilated or exterminated. The relation of the more refined and powerful nations of antiquity to the natives of the countries which they colonized, may be illustrated in its most prominent features by that of the English of the present day to the Caffres and the aboriginal tribes of Northern Asiatic India.

A. C. 217.

21.

U. C. 537. exercitu invadunt: tria oppida vi expugnant. Inde, cum A. C. 217. ipso Hasdrubale duobus præliis egregie pugnantes, quindecim millia hostium occiderunt, quattuor millia cum multis militaribus signis capiunt.

22.

Hoc statu rerum in Hispania, P. Scipio in provinciam venit, prorogato post consulatum imperio ab senatu missus, cum viginti longis navibus, et octo millibus militum, magnoque commeatu advecto. Ea classis ingens agmine onerariarum procul visa', cum magna lætitia civium sociorumque, portum Tarraconis ex alto tenuit. Ibi milite exposito, pro-fectus Scipio fratri se conjungit: ac deinde communi animo consilioque gerebant bellum. Occupatis igitur Carthaginiensibus Celtiberico bello, haud cunctanter Iberum transgrediuntur; nec ullo viso hoste, Saguntum pergunt ire, quod ibi obsides totius Hispaniæ custodiæ traditos ab Hannibale fama erat modico in arce custodiri præsidio. Id unum pignus inclinatos ad Romanam societatem omnium Hispaniæ populorum animos morabatur, ne sanguine liberûm suorum culpa defectionis lueretur. Eo vinculo9 Hispaniam vir unus, sollerti magis quam fideli consilio, exsolvit. Âbelux erat Sagunti nobilis Hispanus, fidus ante Ponis: tum (qualia plerumque sunt barbarorum ingenia) cum fortuna mutaverat fidem. Ceterum, transfugam, sine magnæ rei proditione venientem ad hostes, nihil aliud quam unum vile atque infame' corpus esse ratus, id agebat, ut quam maximum emolumentum novis sociis esset. Circumspectis igitur omnibus, quæ fortuna potestatis ejus2 poterat facere, obsidi

6 Militaribus signis.] The national emblems of Carthage, which were most probably represented on their standards, were the lion and the palm-tree. Those figures appear on the silver shield found at Passage in Dauphine which is regarded as one of the records of his journey through the Alps; and it was, possibly, with an allusion to such an emblem, that Hamilcar used to say of his sons, that they were the young lions whom he was rearing for the destruction of Rome.

7 Ingens agmine onerariarum procul visa.] This may signify, either, "increased by a squadron of storeships," &c.; or, " presenting in the distance the appearance of numbers (seeming large at a distance) from the squadron of," &c. The latter interpretation is more in accordance with the idiom of the original.

8 Id unum pignus.] "That con

sideration alone."

9 Eo vinculo &c.] "From that restriction one individual released Spain by an expedient rather ingenious than honourable." The emphasis of the original (see Rule 18, Introduction) would be more curately conveyed by a paraphrase;

SC.

ac

"From that restriction Spain was released by the ingenious, rather than honourable, expedient of one man.'

1 Vile atque infame.] "Worthless and degraded individual."

2 Quæ fortuna potestatis ejus, &c.] "Which circumstances could place in his power,' " is the translation suggested by the obvious meaning of the phrase potestatis facere. Another interpretation, more ingenious but not so true to the original, has been proposed; sc. "which the circumstances of his means, or opportunities, (fortuna potestatis ejus,)