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U. C. 540. quum frustra eo prævenire hostem festinans tetendisset, A. C. 214. rediens; nihil minus ratus, quam illo tempore ac loco Syracusanum sibi exercitum obviam fore; sed tamen metu Himilconis Pœnorumque, ut quibus nequaquam iis copiis, quas habebat, par esset, quam poterat maxime intentus, atque agmine ad omnes casus composito ibat. Forte ea cura, quæ erat adversus Ponos præparata, adversus Siculos usui fuit. Castris ponendis incompositos ac dispersos nactus eos et plerosque inermes, quod peditum fuit, circumvenit: eques, levi certamine inito, cum Hippocrate Acras3 perfugit.

36.

Ea pugna deficientes ab Romanis quum cohibuisset Siculos, Marcellus Syracusas rediit: et post paucos dies Himilco, adjuncto Hippocrate, ad flumen Anapums, octo ferme inde millia, castra posuit. Sub idem fere tempus et naves longæ quinque et quinquaginta Carthaginiensium cum Bomilcare classis præfecto in magnum portum Syracusas ex alto decurrere; et Romana item classis, triginta quinqueremes, legionem primam Panormi exposuere ; versumque ab Italia bellum (adeo uterque populus in Siciliam intentus) fuisse videri poterat. Legionem Romanam, quæ exposita Panormi erat, venientem Syracusas, prædæ haud dubie sibi futuram Himilco ratus, via decipitur. Mediterraneo namque Poenus itinere' duxit; legio maritimis locis, classe prosequente, ad Ap. Claudium, Pachynum cum parte copiarum obviam progressum, pervenit. Nec diutius Pœni

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of the ancient Agrigentum; about
four miles from the sea, and between
the rivers Acragas and Hypsa, (now,
the Drago and San Blazio.) This
eminence commands a view of the
extensive ruins of the temples, pa-
laces, and fortifications of the ori-
ginal city, and is approached by the
steep and tortuous path-way which
Dædalus is said to have excavated
in the solid rock for Cocalus, and
which Diodorus describes as being
"tam arctum et flexuosum aditum,
ut a trium aut quatuor hominum
præsidio defendi posset." The plain
on the east of the city, lying between
the ruins of the old Greek town and
the sea, where the Romans
camped, still bears the name Campo
Romano.

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3 Acras.] Now called Palazzolo, was near the S. E. Promontory, and of course not far from Syracuse.

4 Deficientes ab Romanis &c.] "Checked the revolt of the Sicilians

from the Romans.”

5 Flumen Anapum.] Now the Anapo, flowing by Syracuse.

6 Versumque ab Italid bellum &c.] "And the scene of war might be supposed to have been transferred from Italy," &c. The last active operations in Italy were the defeat of Hanno by Gracchus on the Calor, and Hannibal's unsuccessful attempt upon Nola, after which he had left Campania for Tarentum. The reinforcements mentioned here had embarked at Ostia; because Hannibal commanded the usual line of communication through Lucania to Rhegium and across the strait.

7 Mediterraneo-itinere.] "By an inland route."

8 Nec diutius Pani &c.-et-et.] "The Carthaginians, however, delayed no longer at Syracuse; in the first place Bomilcar &c.-Himilco also," &c.

ad Syracusas morati sunt. Et Bomilcar, simul parum fidens U. C. 540. navibus suis, duplici facile numero' classem habentibus Ro- A. C. 214. manis, simul inutili mora cernens nihil aliud ab suis quam inopiam aggravari sociorum, velis in altum datis, in Africam transmisit: et Himilco, secutus nequicquam Marcellum Syracusas, si qua, priusquam majoribus copiis jungeretur, occasio pugnandi esset, postquam ea nulla contigerat, tutumque ad Syracusas et munimento et viribus hostem cernebat, ne frustra assidendo spectandoque obsidionem sociorum tempus tereret, castra inde movit; ut, quocunque vocasset defectionis ab Romanis spes, admoveret exercitum, ac præsens suas res foventibus' adderet animos. Murgantiam primum, prodito ab ipsis præsidio Romano, recepit; ubi frumenti magna vis commeatusque omnis generis convecti erant Romanis.

Ad hanc defectionem erecti sunt et aliarum civitatum animi præsidiaque Romana aut pellebantur arcibus, aut prodita per fraudem opprimebantur. Henna, excelso loco ac prærupto undique sita, quum loco inexpugnabilis erat, tum præsidium in arce validum, præfectumque præsidii haud sane opportunum insidiantibus habebat. L. Pinarius erat vir acer, et qui plus in eo, ne posset' decipi, quam in fide Siculorum, reponeret: et tum intenderant eum ad cavendi omnia curam tot auditæ proditiones defectionesque urbium, et clades præsidiorum. Itaque nocte dieque juxta parata instructaque omnia custodiis ac vigiliis erant: nec ab armis aut loco suo miles abscedebat. Quod ubi Hennensium principes, jam pacti cum Himilcone de proditione præsidii, animadverterunt, nulli occasioni fraudis Romanum patere, palam rentur agendum. 'Urbem arcemque suæ potestatis,' aiunt, debere esse, si liberi in societatem, non 'servi in custodiam, traditi essent Romanis. Itaque claves

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of fresh water.

Henna was as nearly as possible the central point of the island, and is spoken of by ancient writers as the umbilicus Siciliæ.

3 Haud sanè opportunum insidiantibus.] "Not very accessible to traitors."

↑ Qui plus in eo, ne posset &c.] "Who relied more upon that quality, as a security against deception, than on the sincerity, &c. And just then, the news of so many surrenders and revolts of cities had awakened him to the duty of," &c.

5 Nulli occasioni fraudis &c.] "The Roman would expose himself to no opportunity of treachery."

37.

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U. C. 540. portarum reddi sibi' æquum censent. 'Bonis sociis fidem A. C. 214. ‹ suam maximum vinculum esse: et ita sibi populum Romanum senatumque gratias habiturum, si volentes, ac non 'coacti, mansissent in amicitia.' Ad ea Romanus, 'Se in 'præsidio impositum esse,' dicere, ab imperatore suo: clavesque portarum et custodiam arcis ab eo accepisse, quæ nec suo nec Hennensium arbitrio haberet, sed ejus, qui commisisset. Præsidio decedere apud Romanos ca'pitale esse et nece liberorum etiam suorum eam legem 'parentes sanxisse. Consulem Marcellum haud procul 'esse ad eum mitterent legatos, cujus juris atque arbitrii esset.' Se vero negare illi missuros: testarique, si verbis nihil agerent, vindictam aliquam libertatis suæ quæsituros. Tum Pinarius: At illi, si ad consulem gravarentur mittere, 'sibi saltem darent populi concilium: ut sciretur, utrum paucorum ea denuntiata', an universæ civitatis, essent.' Consensu in posterum diem concio edicitur.

38.

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Postquam ab eo colloquio in arcem sese recepit, convocatis militibus, 'Credo ego vos audisse, milites,' inquit, quemadmodum præsidia Romana ab Siculis circumventa et oppressa sint per hos dies. Eam vos fraudem, deum primo benignitate, dein vestra ipsi virtute, dies noctesque 'perstando ac pervigilando in armis, vitastis. Utinam reliquum tempus nec patiendo infanda, nec faciendo, traduci 'possit! Hæc occulta in fraude3 cautio est, qua usi adhuc sumus: cui quoniam parum succedit, aperte ac propalam claves portarum reposcunt; quas simul tradiderimus, Carthaginiensium extemplo Henna erit, fœdiusque hic 'trucidabimur, quam Murgantiæ præsidium interfectum. 6 est. Noctem unam ægre ad consultandum sumpsi, qua 'vos certiores periculi instantis facerem. Orta luce con'cionem habituri sunt ad criminandum me concitandumque in vos populum. Itaque crastino die, aut vestro, aut Hennensium sanguine Henna inundabitur. Nec præoccupati spem ullam, nec occupantes periculi quicquam ha6 Bonis sociis fidem suam.] "To sincere allies their own sense of honour was the strongest obligation."

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3 Hac occulta in fraude &c.] "The precautions which we have hitherto adopted are for (have been designed to oppose) secret treachery; and since this (sc. occulta fraus) has not been successful."

4 Aut vestro, aut Hennensium.] The massacre of the Hennenses was evidently a last and desperate resource: in addition to its necessity as a measure of self-defence, it was provoked and justified by the betrayal of the Roman garrison at Murgantia. 5 Nec præoccupati &c.] "You have neither any hope if anticipated,

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bebitis. Qui prior strinxerit ferrum, ejus victoria erit. U. C. 540. 'Intenti ergo omnes armatique signum exspectabitis. Ego A. C. 214. ' in concione ero: et tempus, quoad omnia instructa sint, 'loquendo, altercandoque traham. Quum toga signum 'dedero, tum mihi undique clamore sublato turbam invadite", ac sternite omnia ferro: et cavete, quisquam supersit, a quibus aut vis, aut fraus timeri possit. Vos, Ceres mater 'ac Proserpina, precor, ceteri superi infernique dii, qui 'hanc urbem, hos sacratos lacus lucosque colitis, ut ita nobis ' volentes propitii adsitis, si vitandæ, non ferendæ, fraudis causa hoc consilii capimus. Pluribus vos, milites, hortarer, 'si cum armatis dimicatio futura esset. Inermes, incautos 'ad satietatem trucidabitis. Et consulis castra in propinquo sunt, ne quid ab Himilcone et Carthaginiensibus timeri 'possit.'

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Ab hac adhortatione dimissi corpora curant. Postero 39. die alii aliis locis, ad obsidenda itinera claudendosque oppositi exitus, pars maxima super theatrum circaque', assueti et ante spectaculis concionum, consistunt. Productus ad populum a magistratibus præfectus Romanus, quum consulis ea de re jus ac potestatem esse, non suam, et pleraque eadem, quæ pridie, dixisset; primo sensim, ac plures, reddere claves, dein jam una voce id omnes juberent, cunctantique ac differenti ferociter minitarentur, nec viderentur ultra vim ultimam dilaturi; tum præfectus toga signum, ut convenerat, dedit: militesque intenti dudum ac parati, alii superne in aversam concionem clamore sublato decurrunt, alii ad exitus theatri conferti obsistunt. Cæduntur Hennenses cavæ inclusi, coacervanturque, non cæde solum, sed etiam fuga; quum alii super aliorum capita ruerent, atque integri sauciis, vivi mortuis incidentes, cumularentur. Inde passim discurritur', et urbis captæ modo fugaque et cædes omnia tenet: nihilo remissiore militum ira, quod turbam inermem cædebant, quam si periculum par et ardor certaminis eos irritaret. Ita Henna, aut malo, aut necessario facinore retenta.

nor any danger if you are the first to strike."

6 Tum mihi-invadite.] "Then let me see you fall upon," &c.

7 Theatrum circaque.] All vestiges of ancient buildings have disappeared, except a castle supposed to be of Roman origin, and used in modern times as a prison. Of the great temple of Ceres, there now remains but one large square stone, supposed to have been a portion of the altar. (Russel's Tour, ch. 13.)

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U. C. 540.

Marcellus nec factum improbavit, et prædam HennenA. C. 214. sium militibus concessit, ratus, timore deterritos temperaturos proditionibus præsidiorum Siculos. Atque ea clades, ut urbis in media Sicilia sitæ, claræque vel ob insignem munimento naturali locum, vel ob sacrata omnia vestigiis raptæ quondam Proserpinæ, prope uno die omnem Siciliam pervasit. Et quia cæde infanda rebantur, non hominum tantum, sed etiam deorum sedem violatam esse, tum vero, qui etiam ante dubii fuerant, defecere ad Poenos. Hippocrates inde Murgantiam, Himilco Agrigentum sese recepit: quum acciti a proditoribus nequicquam ad Hennam exercitum admovissent. Marcellus retro in Leontinos redit: frumentoque et commeatibus aliis in castra convectis, præsidio modico ibi relicto, ad Syracusas obsidendas venit. Inde Ap. Claudio Romam ad consulatum petendum misso, T. Quinctium Crispinum3 in ejus locum classi castrisque præficit veteribus. Ipse hibernacula quinque millia passuum Hexapylo (Leonta vocant locum) communiit, ædificavitque. Hæc in Sicilia usque ad principium hiemis

40.

gesta.

Eadem æstate et cum Philippo rege, quod jam ante suspectum fuerat, motum bellum est. Legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium prætorem venerunt, præsidentem' classi Brundisio Calabriæque circa litoribus, nuntiantes, Philippum primum Apolloniam tentasse, lembis biremibus centum viginti flumine adverso subvectum: deinde, ut ea res tar

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deed either criminal or inevitable;"
i. e. which, if not recognised as in-
evitable, must be considered criminal.
T. Quinctium Crispinum.]
This name
occurs below (1. xxv.
c. 18.) as that of an officer com-
manding in Campania; and again
(c. 26.) as commanding this camp
in Sicily. There must have been
either two men of the same name,
or an error of the historian.

4 Quinque millia passuum Hexa-
pylo, &c.] Marcellus chose this po-
sition, in order to keep open his
communication with Leontini.

5 Ad principium hiemis.] Crevier suspects that Livy has condensed the events of two years into one. The chronology of these operations in Sicily is rather confused all through the narrative; for instance, it is almost impossible to ascertain at what particular time Marcellus left Italy, and how long exactly the siege of Syracuse continued.

6 Valerium prætorem.] i. e. proprætorem. He had been Prætor the year before.

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7 Præsidentem, &c.] Commanding Brundusium and the adjacent coast of Calabria by sea."

8 Apolloniam.] This was the most distinguished of the many towns bearing the same name. It was originally a Corinthian colony, and eminent as a seat of learning. Octavian was sent by Julius Cæsar to pursue his studies at A pollonia, when the latter was setting out on his expedition to the East. This and the other places mentioned in this chap ter were afterwards the scene of important operations in the wars of the first triumvirate. Oricum was the nearest point of the eastern coast to Brundusium; though the usual port of arrival was Dyrrachium, (now Durazzo, and originally Epidamnus.)

9 Flumine adverso.] sc. the river Aous or Eas.

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