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U.C. 536. maximus natu ex iis in consilio respondit: Quæ vereA. C. 218.cundia est, Romani, postulare vos, uti vestram Carthagi'niensium amicitiæ præponamus, quum, qui id fecerunt, Saguntinos crudelius, quam Poenus hostis perdidit, vos socii prodideritis? Ibi quæratis socios, censeo, ubi Sa'guntina clades ignota est. Hispanis populis, sicut lugubre, 'ita insigne documentum Sagunti ruinæ erunt, ne quis 'fidei Romanæ aut societati confidat.' Inde extemplo abire finibus Volcianorum jussi, ab nullo deinde concilio Hispaniæ benigniora verba tulere. Itaque nequicquam peragrata Hispania, in Gallia transeunt. In his nova terribilisque species visa est, quod armati (ita mos gentis erat) in concilium venerunt. Quum, verbis extollentes gloriam virtutemque populi Romani ac magnitudinem imperii, petissent, ne Poeno, bellum Italiæ inferenti, per agros urbesque suas transitum darent; tantus cum fremitu risus dicitur ortus, ut vix a magistratibus majoribusque natu juventus sedaretur. Adeo stolida impudensque postulatio visa est, censere, ne in Italiam transmittant Galli bellum, ipsos id avertere in se, agrosque suos pro alienis populandos objicere. Sedato tandem fremitu, responsum legatis est, 'Neque Romanorum in se meritum esse, neque Carthagi'niensium injuriam, ob quæ aut pro Romanis, aut adversus 'Ponos sumant arma. Contra ea audire sese, gentis suæ 'homines agris finibusque Italiæ pelli a populo Romano 'stipendiumque pendere, et cetera indigna pati.' Eadem ferme in ceteris Galliæ conciliis dicta auditaque: nec hospitale quicquam pacatumve satis prius auditum, quam Massiliam venere. Ibi omnia, ab sociis inquisita cum cura ac fide, cognita", præoccupatos jam ante ab Hannibale "Gallorum animos esse: sed ne illi quidem ipsi satis mitem gentem fore, (adeo ferocia atque indomita ingenia esse) 'ni subinde auro, cujus avidissima gens est, principum 'animi concilientur.' Ita peragratis Hispaniæ et Galliæ populis, legati Romam redeunt, haud ita multo post, quam consules in provincias profecti erant. Civitatem omnem

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in exspectationem belli erectam invenerunt, satis constante U. C. 536. fama', jam Iberum Ponos transmisisse.

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Hannibal, Sagunto capto, Carthaginem novam in hiberna concesserat: ibique, auditis, quæ Romæ, quæque Carthagine acta decretaque forent, seque non ducem solum, sed etiam causam esse belli, partitis divenditisque reliquiis prædæ, nihil ultra differendum ratus, Hispani generis milites convocat: Credo ego vos,' inquit, socii, et ipsos cernere, pacatis omnibus Hispaniæ populis, aut finiendam 'nobis militiam, exercitusque dimittendos esse, aut in alias terras transferendum bellum: ita enim hæ gentes non 'pacis solum, sed etiam victoriæ, bonis florebunt, si ex aliis gentibus prædam et gloriam quæremus. Itaque, quum 'longinqua ab domo instet militia, incertumque sit, quando 'domos vestras, et quæ cuique ibi cara sunt, visuri sitis, si quis vestrum suos invisere vult, commeatum do. Primo vere, edico, adsitis; ut, diis bene juvantibus, bellum ingentis gloriæ prædæque futurum incipiamus.' Omnibus fere visendi domos oblata ultro potestas grata erat, et jam desiderantibus suos, et longius in futurum providentibus desiderium3. Per totum tempus hiemis quies inter labores, aut jam exhaustos, aut mox exhauriendos, renovavit corpora animosque ad omnia de integro patienda. Vere primo ad edictum convenere.

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Hannibal, quum recensuisset omnium auxilia gentium, Gades profectus Herculi vota exsolvit: novisque se obligat votis, si cetera prospera evenissent. Inde partiens curas simul in inferendum atque arcendum bellum, ne, dum ipse terrestri per Hispaniam Galliasque itinere Italiam peteret, nuda apertaque Romanis Africa ab Sicilia esset, valido præsidio firmare eam statuit. Pro eo supplementum ipse ex Africa, maxime jaculatorum, levium armis, petiit; ut

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stead of," (to replace)" that," (sc.
the garrison he had draughted from
his own army,) "he requested a re-
inforcement from Africa.'

6 Jaculatorum, levium armis.]
"Light-armed javelin-men." The
javelin was one of the most primitive
and simple weapons. The kind
used by cavalry was about five feet
long, carrying a three-sided or round
head, and propelled not directly by
the hand, but by means of a thong
at the handle-end. The pilum used
by the Roman infantry was an im-
provement on the jaculum, and so
constructed that the long narrow
head was either bent or broken at
the first discharge, so as to be use-

A. C. 218. 21.

U. C. 536. Afri in Hispania, in Africa Hispani, melior procul ab domo
A. C. 218. futurus uterque miles, velut mutuis pignoribus obligati,

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stipendia facerent. Tredecim millia octingentos quinqua-
ginta pedites cætratos' mișit in Africam, et funditores
Baliares octingentos septuaginta: equites mixtos ex multis
gentibus mille ducentos. Has copias partim Carthagini
præsidio esse, partim distribui per Africam jubet. Simul
conquisitoribus in civitates missis, quattuor millia con-
scripta delectæ juventutis, præsidium eosdem et obsides,
duci Carthaginem jubet. Neque Hispaniam negligendam
ratus, (atque ideo haud minus, quod haud ignarus erat,
circumitam ab Romanis eam legatis ad sollicitandos prin-
cipum animos) Hasdrubali fratri, viro impigro, eam pro-
vinciam destinat, firmatque eum Africis maxime præsidiis,
peditum Afrorum undecim millibus octingentis quinqua-
ginta, Liguribus trecentis, Baliaribus quingentis. Ad hæc
peditum auxilia additi equites Libyphoenices (mixtum
Punicum Afris genus1) trecenti, et Numidæ Maurique ac-
colæ Oceani ad mille octingenti, et parva Ilergetum manus
ex Hispania, ducenti equites: et, ne quod terrestris dees-
set auxilii genus, elephanti quattuordecim. Classis præ-
terea data ad tuendam maritimam oram, (quia, qua parte
belli vicerant, ea tum quoque rem gesturos Romanos, credi
poterat) quinquaginta quinqueremes, quadriremes duæ,
triremes quinque: sed aptæ instructæque remigio2 triginta
et duæ quinqueremes erant, et triremes quinque.

Ab Gadibus Carthaginem ad hiberna exercitus rediit:
atque inde, profectus præter Etovissam urbem, ad Iberum
maritimamque oram ducit. Ibi, fama est, in quiete visum

less to an enemy. The javelin is
still used on horseback, but only as
a pastime, by some eastern nations,
and known among them as the
"djereed."

Pedites cætratos.] These are
called peltastæ below. (1. xxxi. 36.)
Catra were small shields made ex-
clusively of leather.

8 Funditores. The sling is said to be still used, with considerable effect, by the Minorquin peasants. In ancient wars, according to Diodorus, the Baleares carried three slings, one in the hand, one round the waist, and one round the head. The range is said to have been about 600 yards. There are some remarkable instances of the use of the sling in medieval warfare. Froissart (ch. 85.) says, that, in a battle

between Charles of Blois and the
Earl of Montfort, for the Duchy of
Brittany, in the reign of Philip de
Valois, the peasantry of Brittany
assaulted the French army with
slings. It is also stated by D'Au-
bignè, that they were used by the
Huguenots at the siege of Sancerre,
in order to save their powder.

9 Præsidium eosdem et obsides.
"Both as a garrison and as hostages.'

1 Mixtum Punicum Afris genus.] "A mingled race of Phoenicians and Africans." Diodorus Siculus (1. xx. 55.) classifies the ancient inhabitants of Africa into Carthaginienses, Libyphoenices, Numidæ, and Afri.

2 Sed aptæ instructæque remigio.] "But there were (in addition to the fleet) 32 quinqueremes, and five triremes, rigged and manned."

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A. C. 218.

ab eo3 juvenem divina specie, qui 'se ab Jove' diceret U. C. 536. ' ducem in Italiam Hannibali missum: proinde sequeretur, ‘neque usquam a se deflecteret oculos.' Pavidum primo, nusquam circumspicientem aut respicientem, secutum ; deinde, cura humani ingenii, quum, quidnam id esset, quod respicere vetitus esset, agitaret animo, temperare oculis nequivisse; tum vidisse, post sese serpentem mira magnitudine cum ingenti arborum ac virgultorum strage ferri, ac post insequi cum fragore cœli nimbum: tum, quæ moles ea, quidve prodigii esset,' quærentem audisse: Vastitatem Italiæ esse: pergeret porro ire, nec ultra inquireret, 'sineretque fata in occulto esse.'

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Hoc visu lætus tripartito Iberum copias trajecit, præmissis, qui Gallorum animos, qua traducendus exercitus erat, donis conciliarent, Alpiumque transitus specularentur.

3 In quiete visum ab eo &c.] The ancients (the Jews especially, from the number of Divine interpositions in that form, with which they were acquainted) were superstitious on the subject of dreams. A memorable dream of Alexander the Great is recorded; in which he saw the high priest of the Jews, some time before his march to Jerusalem, and by which he was so powerfully affected, that when he met him afterwards at the head of the procession that came to meet him, he recognised the figure he had seen in sleep. A curious instance of clairvoyance, closely allied to dreaming, is mentioned by Aulus Gellius. On the day of the battle of Pharsalia, a priest named Cornelius, in the town of Patavium, saw in a waking vision all the vicissitudes of the battle pass before him, and suddenly exclaimed that Cæsar was victorious. The circumstance was disregarded, until the news of the battle actually arrived, when it appeared that every thing had occurred, not only in the same order, but at the same moment, in which Cornelius had seen it. (Noctes Att. xv. 18.) In the beautiful romance of Xenophon, also, we read, that Cyrus the Great was visited in a dream by "a figure more majestic than human, that seemed to say, Prepare thyself, Cyrus, for now shalt thou depart to the gods:' and that his death followed in a few days." These superstitions are very

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effectively illustrated in Sir W. Scott's Vision of Don Roderic.'

4 Cura humani ingenii.] "The natural curiosity of the human mind." 5 Tum vidisse, post &c.] "Then he saw behind him a serpent of wondrous size, moving on amid a mighty destruction of trees and underwood, and a storm following it with peals of thunder." Moles, "disturbance, agitation."

6 Alpiumque transitus.] Hannibal's approach to the Pyrenees on his way to the Alps, lay through the district now called Catalonia; or, more particularly, through Emporium (Ampurias), along the line of the Roman road subsequently laid down from that point to Nimes. This road crossed the Pyrenees at Bellegarde, and turning to the right to Illiberis (Elne), passed through Perpignan, Narbonne, Beziers, Pont d'Ambroix, and Nimes. At the latter point (Nemausus), this road diverged into two branches, of which one led to Arles, and the other to Tarascon. From Nimes Hannibal marched directly to the Rhone, through Rousillon and Languedoc.

In order to make the following chapters intelligible, it becomes necessary here to anticipate their details, by an examination of the different theories of Hannibal's march, from the point where all authorities are unanimous in fixing his passage of the Rhone. The district, to which those discussions relate, pre

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U. C. 536. Nonaginta millia peditum, duodecim millia equitum Iberum

A. C. 218.

sents, when viewed on a map, somewhat of the form of an irregular rectangle; of which the left side is bounded by the Rhone, flowing in a south-west direction from Lugdunum (Lyons) to the sea: the upper limit consists of a line drawn across from Vienna Allobrogum (Vienne), through Bergusium (Bourgoin), Lemincum (Chambery), along the Isara (Isere) to the Graian Alps, Augusta Prætoria (Aouste), and Eporedia (Ivree); the lower boundary is formed by the rivers Druentia (Durance), Verdon, and Doria; and the line on the right coincides with the chain of the Alps from the sea to Mont Blanc.

In Livy's time, there were but four known routes over those mountains. These were, according to Polybius and Strabo, 1. Through the Ligurians, near the Tyrrhene sea; that is, over the Maritime Alps, from Arelate (Arles), through Nice and Monaco, to Genoa. This was a Roman road (via Aurelia) in the time of Polybius, and the first which they constructed out of Italy. 2. Through the Taurini; that is, over the Saltus Taurinus in the Cottian Alps (Mont Genevre), and leading through Brigantio (Briançon). 3. Through the Salassi, over the Graian Alps (little St. Bernard), into the territory of the Insubres (Piedmont). 4. Over the Rhætian Alps (Mont Splugen), from Coire to Milan.

The question to be determined here is between the second and third of these roads-the others being, according to all reliable authorities, beside the inquiry-or rather, between the account of Livy, which appears to have been intended to coincide with the second; and that of Polybius, whose description of localities and measurement of distances corresponds exactly with the third, and who is further entitled to confidence by the circumstances of his having been a practical military tactician, and having inspected in person the scene of the narrative. His account of the march, which is further confirmed by the researches

of M. de Luc of Geneva, and other gentlemen who have made personal observations, is as follows: Hannibal crossed the Rhone, above the confluence of the Druentia (Durance), at the modern village of Roquemaure, between Avenio ( Avignon), and Aurantio (Orange): he then proceeded up along the eastern bank of that river, through Montelimart and Valentia (Valence), to Vienna: from that point he turned off at right angles to the south-east, and crossing the Mons Thuates (Mont du Chat), descended into the territory of the Insubres; and after resting there a few days, joined his allies against the Taurini, and took their city (Turin). His motive, according to Polybius, for proceeding so far to the north, was not so much an anxiety to avoid a collision with the Romans, as a wish to descend into the territory of his friends, who had guided him all along from Carthagena, and of course led him by the passes which they had been themselves in the habit of using. The account furnished by Livy, on the other hand, is, that Hannibal crossed the Rhone at the point indicated by Polybius, and instead of proceeding directly across to the mountains, as he had originally intended, followed up the bank of the river, in order to avoid the Romans; that, in a four days' march, he arrived at the Insula Allobrogum, a triangle enclosed by the Rhone, the Isere, and the mountains; and that having arranged there the quarrel between the brother princes, (as Polybius also states,) turned down again in a south-east direction, "ad lavam in Tricastinos," &c. until he reached the Durance at Ebrodunum (Embrun); and, passing through Brigantio, and the Cottian Alps, descended upon Turin, thus following the line of the Roman road. The inconsistencies observed in this account are, 1. The statement that Hannibal, after having proceeded so far to the north as Valence, came down again nearly to the same point at which he crossed

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