U.C. 536. cætris suppositis incubantes, flumen tranavere. Et alius A. C. 218. exercitus, ratibus junctis trajectus, castris prope flumen positis, nocturno itinere atque operis labore fessus, quiete unius diei reficitur, intento duce ad consilium opportune exsequendum. Postero die, profecti ex loco, prodito fumo2 significant, se transisse, et haud procul abesse. Quod ubi accepit Hannibal, ne tempori deesset, dat signum ad trajiciendum. Jam paratas aptatasque habebat pedes lintres: equites fere propter equos nantes navium agmen, ad excipiendum adversi impetum fluminis, parte superiore transmittens, tranquillitatem infra trajicientibus lintribus præbebat. Equorum pars magna nantes loris a puppibus trahebantur, præter eos, quos instratos frenatosque, ut extemplo egresso in ripam equiti usui essent, imposuerant in naves. Galli occursant in ripam cum variis ululatibus cantuque moris sui, quatientes scuta super capita, vibrantesque dexteris tela: quanquam et ex adverso terrebat tanta vis navium cum ingenti sono fluminis et clamore vario nautarum et militum, qui nitebantur perrumpere impetum fluminis, et qui ex altera ripa trajicientes suos hortabantur. Jam satis paventes adverso tumultu terribilior ab tergo adortus clamor, castris ab Hannone captis. Mox et ipse aderat, ancepsque terror circumstabat, et e navibus tanta vi armatorum in terram evadente, et ab tergo improvisa premente acie. Galli, postquam, ultro vim facere conati, pellebantur, qua patere visum maxime iter, perrumpunt, trepidique in vicos passim suos diffugiunt. Hannibal, ceteris copiis per otium trajectis, spernens jam Gallicos tumultus, castra locat.

28.

Elephantorum trajiciendorum' varia consilia fuisse credo:" certe variata memoria actæ rei. Quidam, congregatis ad

2 Prodito fumo.] "By shewing (sending up) smoke." For prodito it has been suggested to read edito, agreeing with loco, which supplies a better sense.

3 Equites ferè propter equos nantes &c.[ "A line of ships higher up, in order to check the violence of the current, transporting the cavalry, for the most part (fere) beside their swimming horses, afforded smooth water to those crossing below." The violence of the current of the Rhone is, of course, generally known from popular poetry. The name of the river, like that of the Tigris, literally signifies, "an arrow." "The exception implied by ferè is defined

A. C. 218.

ripam elephantis, tradunt, ferocissimum ex iis irritatum ab U. C. 536. rectore suo, quum refugientem in aquam nantem sequeretur, traxisse gregem, ut quemque timentem altitudinem destituerat vadum, impetu ipso fluminis in alteram ripam rapiente. Ceterum magis constat, ratibus trajectos: id ut tutius consilium ante rem foret, ita, acta re, ad fidem pronius est. Ratem unam, ducentos longam pedes, quinquaginta latam, a terra in amnem porrexerunt: quam, ne secunda aqua deferretur, pluribus validis retinaculis parte superiore ripæ religatam, pontis in modum humo injecta constraverunt; ut belluæ audacter velut per solum ingrederentur. Altera ratis, æque lata, longa pedes centum, ad trajiciendum flumen apta, huic copulata est: et quum elephanti, per stabilem ratem, tanquam viam, prægredientibus feminis, acti, in minorem applicatam transgressi sunt; extemplo resolutis, quibus leviter annexa erat, vinculis, ab actuariis aliquot navibus ad alteram ripam pertrahitur: ita primis expositis, alii deinde repetiti ac trajecti sunt. Nihil sane trepidabant', donec continenti velut ponte agerentur. Primus erat pavor, quum, soluta ab ceteris rate, in altum raperentur: ibi, urgentes inter se, cedentibus extremis ab aqua, trepidationis aliquantum edebant: donec quietem ipse timor circumspectantibus aquam fecisset. Excidere etiam sævientes quidam in flumen: sed, pondere ipso

9 Ab actuariis aliquot navibus.] "Was towed by several tug-boats to the other bank." The name actuaria is properly applied to sailing boats, furnished with oars.

8 Ceterum magis constat.] "Itment of the rafts. The following was more certain, however, that they is a translation: "When they had were taken across on rafts; this constructed a sufficient number of plan, as it would be the safer before rafts, they joined two together, and the attempt, is the more credible attached them firmly to the banks; as a fact." the breadth of the two being about fifty feet. To the ends of these they attached two others, which projected into the water. In order to prevent the whole from being detached and carried away, they secured the side toward the current by strong cables to the trees on the bank. Having in this manner formed a sort of bridge about two hundred feet long, they joined to it two other rafts of a much larger size, firmly fastened to each other, but so slightly connected with the rest, that they might at any time be separated. To these rafts a great number of others was attached; so that the boats, which were intended to tow them across, might bear them up against the current. They then spread earth over all the rafts, to assimilate the surface to the ground on shore."

Nihil sanè trepidabant &c.] "They showed no real alarm, so long as they were led along an apparently (velut) continuous bridge. Their fear began when they were urged into deep water, as the raft was cast loose from the rest. Then, pressing on each other, as those outside recoiled from the water." &c. 2 Donec quietem ipse timor.] "Until their very terror produced quietness, as they looked round on the water."

3 Savientes.]" Growing restive." The account of this operation given by Polybius, differs from that of Livy in the number and arrange

H

U. C. 536. stabiles, dejectis rectoribus, quærendis pedetentim vadis, A. C. 218. in terram evasere.

29.

30.

Dum elephanti trajiciuntur, interim Hannibal Numidas equites quingentos ad castra Romana miserat speculatum, ubi, et quantæ copiæ essent, et quid pararent. Huic alæ equitum missi, ut ante dictum est, ab ostio Rhodani trecenti Romanorum equites occurrunt. Prolium atrocius, quam pro numero pugnantium, editur. Nam præter multa vulnera, cædes etiam prope par utrimque fuit: fugaque et pavor Numidarum Romanis, jam admodum fessis, victoriam dedit. Victores ad centum sexaginta, nec omnes Romani, sed pars Gallorum: victi amplius ducenti ceciderunt. Hoc principium simul omenque belli, ut summæ rerum prosperum eventum, ita haud sane incruentam ancipitisque certaminis victoriam, Romanis portendit.

Ut, re ita gesta, ad utrumque ducem sui redierunt, nec Scipioni stare sententia poterat, nisi ut ex consiliis cœptisque hostis et ipse conatus caperet: et Hannibalem incertum, utrum cœptum in Italiam intenderet iter, an cum eo, qui primus se obtulisset Romanus exercitus, manus consereret, avertit a præsenti certamine Boiorum legatorum regulique Magali adventus: qui se duces itinerum, socios periculi fore, affirmantes, integro bello', nusquam ante libatis viribus, Italiam aggrediendam censent. Multitudo timebat quidem hostem, nondum obliterata memoria superioris belli: sed magis iter immensum Alpesque, rem fama utique inexpertis horrendam, metuebat. Itaque Hannibal, postquam ipsi sententia stetit pergere ire, atque Italiam petere, advocata concione, varie militum versat animos' castigando adhortandoque. Mirari se, quinam pectora semper impavida repens 'terror invaserit. Per tot annos vincentes eos stipendia facere; neque ante Hispania excessisse, quam omnes gen

4 Atrocius, quam pro numero &c.]
"More sanguinary than might have
been expected from the number of
combatants."

5 Hoc principium simul omenque
&c.]
"This commencement, which
was at the same time a type of the
war, though it foreboded to the
Romans a favourable issue of the

general campaign, yet (foreboded)
a victory far from bloodless, and of
doubtful contest, (i. e. closely dis-
puted)."

6 Nec Scipioni stare sententia.]
"Nor could any purpose be de-
termined upon by Scipio, except to
take measures" &c.

7 Integro bello, &c.] "In the first of the war, and with strength no where previously wasted."

8 Fama utique inexpertis &c.] "Formidable from report, especially to strangers."

9 Pergere ire.] "To proceed onward;" lit. "to continue to go."

1 Variè militum animos &c.] "Influenced the minds (worked up the passions) of his soldiers by alternate reproof and encouragement." This speech of Hannibal may be recommended to the student's notice, as a specimen of oratio obliqua, supplying many good hints for composition.

'tesque et terræ eæ, quas duo diversa maria amplectantur, U. C. 536. Carthaginiensium essent. Indignatos deinde, quod, qui- A. C. 218. cunque Saguntum obsedissent, velut ob noxam, sibi dedi 'postularet populus Romanus, Iberum trajecisse ad delen'dum nomen Romanorum, liberandumque orbem terrarum. 'Tum nemini visum id longum, quum ab occasu solis3 ad ' exortus intenderent iter. Nunc, postquam multo majorem partem itineris emensam cernant, Pyrenæum saltum inter 'ferocissimas gentes superatum, Rhodanum, tantum amnem, tot millibus Gallorum prohibentibus, domita etiam ipsius 'fluminis vi, trajectum, in conspectu Alpes habeant, quarum 'alterum latus Italiæ sit; in ipsis portis hostium fatigatos 'subsistere, quid Alpes aliud esse credentes, quam montium altitudines? Fingerent altiores Pyrenæi jugis: nullas 'profecto terras coelum contingere, nec inexsuperabiles humano generi esse. Alpes quidem habitari, coli, gignere atque alere animantes: pervias paucis esse, exercitibus 'invias? Eos ipsos, quos cernant, legatos non pennis sublime elatos Alpes transgressos: ne majores quidem eorum 'indigenas; sed advenas Italiæ cultores, has ipsas Alpes ingentibus sæpe agminibus cum liberis ac conjugibus, 'migrantium modo, tuto transmisissæ. Militi quidem armato, nihil secum præter instrumenta belli portanti, quid invium aut inexsuperabile esse? Saguntum ut caperetur, quid per octo menses periculi, quid laboris exhaustum 'esse? Romam, orbis terrarum caput, petentibus quicquam adeo asperum atque arduum videri, quod inceptum moretur? Cepisse quondam Gallos ea, quæ adiri posse Poenus 'desperet? Proinde aut cederent animo atque virtute genti, per eos dies toties ab se victæ aut itineris finem sperent campum interjacentem' Tiberi ac moenibus Romanis.'

higher than the Pyrenees; the am-
bassadors who had just come up
from Italy had, certainly, not flown
over them; and the Gauls who had
settled in Italy were not natives;
but had crossed them with all the
incumbrances of wives and children;
and if they had found them passable,
surely soldiers &c. According to
Livy, the first migration of the
Gauls took place in the time of the
first Tarquin. It is probable, from
the position of the Insubres, that
they came by Mont St. Bernard.

6 Asperum atque arduum.] These
words relate respectively to the touch
and the sight.

7 Campum interjacentem &c.] This was the Campus Martius: open field used for military exercises

an

U. C. 536.

31.

8

His adhortationibus incitatos corpora curare, atque ad A. C. 218. iter se parare jubet. Postero die, profectus adversa ripa Rhodani, mediterranea Galliæ petit: non quia rectior ad Alpes via esset, sed, quantum a mari recessisset, minus obvium fore Romanum credens: cum quo, priusquam in Italiam ventum foret, non erat in animo manus conserere. Quartis castris ad Insulam pervenit: ibi Isara Rhodanusque1 amnes, diversis ex Alpibus decurrentes, agri aliquantum amplexi, confluunt in unum. Inde mediis campis Insulæ nomen inditum. Incolunt prope Allobroges, gens jam inde nulla Gallica gente opibus aut fama inferior: tum discors erat. Regni certamine ambigebant fratres. Major, et qui prius imperitarat, Brancus nomine, minore ab fratre et cœtu juniorum, qui jure minus, vi plus poterat, pellebatur. Hujus seditionis 2 peropportuna disceptatio quum ad Hannibalem rejecta esset, arbiter regni factus, quod ea senatus principumque sententia fuerat, imperium majori restituit. Ob id meritum commeatu copiaque rerum omnium, maxime vestis, est adjutus, quam infames frigoribus Alpes præparari cogebant. Sedatis certaminibus Allobrogum, quum jam Alpes peteret, non recta regione iter instituit; sed ad lævam in Tricastinos flexit1: inde per extremam oram Vocontiorum

during the republican ages: and,
under the empire, covered with por-
ticoes, baths, temples, and private
residences, presenting the appear-
ance of a separate city. It was en-
closed on one side by the river; on
the other, by the Viminal, Quirinal,
and Pincian hills.

8 Adversá ripd.] "Up the bank,"
i. e. to the north. The Rhone flows
a little to the east of south.

9 Mediterranea.] "The inland parts." It has been observed that, if he had originally intended to take the via que rectior esset, he would not have crossed the Rhone at all, but proceeded along the bank of the Druentia.

1 Insulam-Isara Rhodanusque.] This island, which is only figuratively such in our acceptation of the term, is described by Polybius, as "nearly resembling the Delta of Egypt in size and shape, except that the sea forms one boundary of the latter." Though the name Arar appears in most Mss. it is of course evident and certain, that Livy wrote Isara instead of Arar. One codex reads Bisarar, which should ob

viously be Ibi Isara. The Arar
(Saone) joins the Rhone at Lyons,
a point farther to the north than any
theory on the subject contemplates;
and Livy could not have been so
grossly ignorant of geography. It
is remarkable that the same error
appears in some editions of Polybius,
which read "Apapos for 'Ioápas.
2 Hujus seditionis &c.] "As the
adjustment of this quarrel was at a
most favourable moment referred to

3 Infames frigoribus.] "Notorious for the cold, (notoriously inclement.)"

4 Ád lævam in Tricastinos flexit.] This sentence constitutes the great difficulty in Livy's account of the march. The Tricastini inhabited the country now known as St. Paul-Trois-Châteaux; and it is impossible to understand how they could have been on the left of the Carthaginians, as the latter turned back from the Isere. It has been suggested, that ad lævam might signify to the left of the Rhone; and better still, to remove the sentence to its apparently original place