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affluxisse verisimile est, et ita quidam auctores sunt) ex ipso U. C. 536. autem audisse Hannibale, postquam Rhodanum transierit, A. C. 218. triginta sex millia hominum, ingentemque numerum equorum et aliorum jumentorum amisisse, Taurinis, quæ Gallis proxima gens erat, in Italiam degressum. Id quum inter omnes constet, eo magis miror ambigi3, quanam Alpes transierit et vulgo credere, Penino, atque inde nomen ei jugo Alpium inditum, transgressum. Coelius per Cremonis 2 Magis affluxisse &c.] "That (Lomello), and Ticinum (Pavia). they enlisted (joined his standard) It appears then, that the account there, is more probable." given by Coelius coincides very nearly with that of Polybius. It also agrees with the statement made by Cornelius Nepos, in his life of Hannibal. Julius Cæsar also has left an account of his march across the Alps; but he appears to have taken the route which was better known to the Romans, and to have crossed Mont Genevre by the road which was first rendered practicable by Pompey, in his expedition against Sertorius. "Diebus xl. exercitum paravi, hostesque in cervicibus jam Italiæ agentes ab Alpibus in Hispaniam submovi, per eas iter aliud atque Hannibal nobis opportunius patefeci." (Sallust. Hist. Fragm. lib. iii.) In the time of Augustus, when

3 Eo magis miror ambigi &c.] The cause of all the uncertainty is, simply that the ancient historians have omitted to name the particular mountains and passes to which their several theories relate. Had Polybius only mentioned the Graian Alps, it would have saved much discussion: because, in the existing state of the evidence, commentators can merely compare descriptions of places and computations of distances, with the physical features of the several passes.

4 Penino, atque inde nomen &c.] It was an ignorant mistake to have ever derived the ancient name of the Great St. Bernard from the term Poni. It was evidently so called, as Livy observes, after the name of the Celtic Deity Pen. The term Pin or Pen is still applied by the Belgians to a peak. Compare the Scotch Ben, and the cognate terms Bin, Byn, Pen, as Penman Mawr in Wales, &c.

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more constant and expeditious communication with the northern provinces became necessary, two roads were constructed through the Alps, over the Penine and Graian hills; one leading from Milan to Lyons; and the other from Milan to Vienna.

The Alps have been frequently crossed by armies within the period of modern history. During the Lombard wars in Italy, Pepin and his son Charlemagne marched through them: but the most remarkable passage in modern times was that effected by Francis I. in 1515, in his invasion of Lombardy, immediately before the decisive battle of Marignano. All the known and customary roads were occupied by the Swiss troops; and to avoid these, he was obliged to send the main body of his army by the valley of Barcelonette, south of the Durance, and then by the Col de l'Argentiere into Saluzzo, south of Turin.

5 Cœlius (Antipater).] This historian lived in the time of the Gracchi, (about A.U.C. 620,) something less than a century after the invasion by Hannibal. His works have been all lost; but there are on record abundant testimonies to the value of his authority. Brutus epitomised his history of the second Punic war, (Cicero ad Att. lib. xiii. Ep. 8.) and Cicero strongly commends his veracity and beauty of style, (de Leg. i. and de Orat. ii. 20.) The Cremonis (or Centronis) jugum, now known as the Cramont, lies between the Little St. Bernard and Mont Blanc, and led down, as Livy states, into the territory of the Gauls, called Libui or Libicii, who inhabited It may be interesting to take Vercella (Verceil), Laumellum some notice here of the memorable

A. C. 218.

U. C. 536. jugum dicit transisse: qui ambo saltus eum non in Taurinos, sed per Salassos montanos ad Libuos Gallos deduxissent. Nec verisimile est, ea tum ad Galliam patuisse itinera; utique, quæ ad Peninum ferunt, obsæpta gentibus

passage of these mountains by Napoleon I. and instructive to compare the prudent foresight with which every contingency was anticipated, with the absence of preparation and mechanical skill in the former instance. Like Hannibal, the First Consul was diverted from the more direct road into Italy (through Mont Cenis), by a reluctance to descend among his enemies, the Austrians, who were then besieging Genoa, and obliged to look for a more circuitous route. General Marescot of the engineers having reported that the pass of the Great St. Bernard was practicable, though extremely difficult, it was resolved to select that road for the main body of the army, and to send smaller divisions by the St. Gothard, the Simplon, and Mont Cenis, in order to secure a larger command of supplies along the march. As the present roads were not in existence, the artillery was taken over the heights on sledges, and the carriages taken asunder on the French side of the passes, and put together again on the Italian side; provisions for men and horses were carried on in large quantities and with immense labour; and corps of blacksmiths and saddlers organized, to make repairs on the way. In this manner, the main body marched a distance of forty-five leagues, from the Lake of Geneva to the plains of Piedmont, including ten leagues without any roads passable for wheeled carriages. The march occupied twelve days, from the 13th to the 25th of May. 1800.

Livy's account of the whole expedition is treated as follows, in an Essay on the subject by MM. Wickham and Cramer, (1828.) "It appears from Livy's account-if we leave out all mention of what he has copied from Polybius, and read it with reference to itself alone-that Hannibal crossed the Rhone at Roquemaure; that he then, frightened by the Romans, marched up to

the Isand of the Allobroges; that he then returned through the Vocontii and Tricorii till he reached the Durance, at a distance of nine days' march from the summit of the Alps; and that he then crossed the Mont Genevre, and descended among the Taurini. This marching and countermarching would alone be sufficient to make us suspect his accuracy; but when we find, which we shall upon comparing the two narratives, that he follows Polybius step by step to the Insula, then drops him during the return to the Durance, and then takes him up again in the same place where he had left off, beginning afresh from the Durance, as Polybius does from the Isere; and after this, he follows him word for word, with the exception of his own exaggeration, through a country which it is clear he knew nothing about-since the country described by Polybius is as different as possible from the road between the Durance and the Mont Genevre ;-and when he finally brings him out with an enfeebled army among a hostile people ;-what can we conclude, but that the Latin author is not only totally unworthy of credit, but that he was also so ignorant of geography, as not to be able even to make out a credible or intelligible account of his own hypothesis?"

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Livy's account," says Gibbon, "is rather a romantic picture, calculated to please the fancy, than a faithful and judicious history capable of satisfying the understanding." the contrary, Polybius assures us, (lib. iii. 48.) that, if there be any passage in his history on which, more than another, he can rely for its fidelity to actual facts, it is his description of the march of Hannibal from the Ebro to the Ticinus. name Passage still perpetuated on a portion of the route described by Polybius, and a silver tablet found in the same place in Dauphinè, are additional testimonies to his accuracy.

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semigermanis fuissent. Neque, hercule, montibus his (si U. C. 536. quem forte id movet) ab transitu Ponorum ullo Veragri, A. C. 218. incolæ jugi ejus, norunt nomen inditum: sed ab eo, quem, in summo sacratum vertice, Peninum montani appellant.

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Peropportune ad principia rerum Taurinis, proximæ genti, adversus Insubres motum bellum erat. Sed armare exercitum Hannibal, ut parti alteri auxilio esset, in reficiendo maxime' sentientem contracta ante mala, non poterat. Otium etenim ex labore, copia ex inopia, cultus ex illuvie tabeque, squalida et prope efferata corpora varie movebant. Ea P. Cornelio consuli causa fuit, quum Pisas navibus venisset, exercitu a Manlio Atilioque accepto tirone, et in novis ignominiis trepido, ad Padum festinandi; ut cum hoste nondum refecto manum consereret. Sed quum Placentiam consul venit, jam ex stativis moverat Hannibal; Taurinorumque unam urbem', caput gentis ejus, quia volentes in amicitiam non veniebant, vi expugnarat: junxissetque sibi, non metu solum, sed etiam voluntate, Gallos accolas Padi; ni eos, circumspectantes defectionis tempus, subito adventus consulis oppressisset. Et Hannibal movit3 ex Taurinis, incertos, quæ pars sequenda esset, Gallos præsentem se secuturos ratus. Jam prope in conspectu erant exercitus, convenerantque duces sicuti inter se nondum satis noti, ita jam imbutus uterque quadam admiratione alterius. Nam Hannibalis et apud Romanos, jam ante Sagunti excidium, celeberrimum nomen erat: et Scipionem Hannibal eo ipso, quod adversus se dux potissimum lectus esset, præstantem virum credebat. Et auxerant inter se opinionem; Scipio, quod, relictus in Gallia, obvius fuerat in Italiam transgresso Hannibali; Hannibal, et conatu tam

6 Ad principia rerum.] "For a commencement of operations."

7 In reficiendo maximè &c.] "Which felt, especially in its recovery, the damage it had already received; for, rest succeeding to toil, abundance after privation, comfort after neglect and exhaustion, were producing various effects upon their disfigured and almost brutalized bodies."

8 Exercitu tirone.] "An army of raw troops (recruits)."

9 In novis ignominiis, sc. their recent defeat by the Gauls.

1 Taurinorumque unam urbem.] The principal city of the Taurini took the name Augusta Taurinorum, when erected into a Roman colony

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by Augustus. In all the invasions
from the north, from the days of
Attila to Francis I. it suffered all
the horrors of war and devastation.
It was not until the 13th century,
when it became the capital of the
Lavoyard Princes, that it acquired
any importance.

2 Quia volentes in amicitiam.]
Other editions read volentis, i. e.
Hannibalis," refused his offer of
alliance."
"And

3 Et Hannibal movit.]
Hannibal did move," &c.

4 Sicuti inter se&c.-ita.] "Though not yet well known to each other, still mutually impressed with some," &c.

5 Auxerant inter se opinionem.] "Enhanced their mutual estimate."

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U. C. 536. audaci trajiciendarum Alpium, et effectu. Occupavit tamen A. U. 218. Scipio Padum trajicere, et, ad Ticinum amnem motis castris, prius, quam educeret in aciem, adhortandorum militum causa, talem orationem exorsus est:

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'Si eum exercitum, milites, educerem in aciem, quem in 'Gallia mecum habui, supersedissem' loqui apud vos. Quid

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' enim adhortari referret aut eos equites, qui equitatum hostium ad Rhodanum flumen egregie vicissent, aut eas 'legiones, cum quibus fugientem hunc ipsum hostem secutus, 'confessionem cedentis ac detrectantis certamen pro victoria 'habui? Nunc, quia1 ille exercitus, Hispaniæ provinciæ2 scriptus, ibi cum fratre Cn. Scipione meis auspiciis rem 'gerit, ubi eum gerere senatus populusque Romanus voluit; ego, ut consulem ducem adversus Hannibalem ac Poenos 'haberetis, ipse me huic voluntario certamini obtuli; novo 'imperatori apud novos milites pauca verba facienda sunt. Ne genus belli, neve hostem ignoretis; cum iis est vobis, 'milites, pugnandum, quos terra marique priore bello 'vicistis: a quibus stipendium per viginti annos exegistis: a quibus capta belli præmia, Siciliam ac Sardiniam, habetis. Erit igitur in hoc certamine is vobis illisque animus, qui • victoribus et victis esse solet. Nec nunc illi, quia audent, 'sed quia necesse est, pugnaturi sunt: nisi creditis, qui ' exercitu incolumi pugnam detrectavere, eos, duabus partibus peditum equitumque in transitu Alpium amissis, quum plures pæne perierint, quam supersunt, plus spei nactos

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Pavia

6 Ad Ticinum amnem.]
derived its first and ancient name,
Ticinum, from the river Ticinus
(Tesino) on which it stood. The
only memorable events by which its
ancient name has been signalized
were, this first engagement between
Scipio and Hannibal, and the visit
of the Emperor Augustus, to pay a
compliment to the ashes of Drusus
Nero. In the eighth century, the
name Papia, (that of a Roman gens,)
softened into Pavia, first appeared.
Soon after it derived celebrity from
its University, after having been the
residence of some of the Gothic
Princes, and subsequently the capi-
tal of the Lombard Kings.

7 Supersedissem.] I"would have
forborne, (deemed it unnecessary.)"
This verb literally signifies to "sit
above" (to take a higher position);
and hence, in a secondary sense,
"to be placed above the necessity
of."

"Where

8 Quid-referret.] would be the necessity (or object)." 9 Cum quibus fugientem &c.] "With whom when I followed this same enemy in his flight, I regarded as a victory the admission of his retreat, and of his refusal of battle."

1 Nunc quin &c.] The apodosis to this conjunction begins at novo imperatori; sc. "because that army is elsewhere, and because I have offered myself, &c. A new commander must have a few words to say," &c.

2 Hispania provincia, is a genitive; meis auspiciis, "on my responsibility;" because Spain was his (Cornelius's) province.

3 Duabus partibus.] Two parts out of three, "two-thirds." This statement renders pænè superfluous in the next sentence; and some commentators would omit it accordingly.

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esse. At enim pauci quidem sunt, sed vigentes animis U. C. 536. corporibusque, quorum robora ac vires vix sustinere vis A. C. 218. ulla possit. Effigies, imo umbræ hominum, fame, frigore, 'illuvie, squalore enecti, contusi ac debilitati inter saxa rupesque. Ad hæc, præusti artus, nive rigentes nervi, 'membra torrida gelu, quassata fractaque arma, claudi ac 'debiles equi. Cum hoc equite, cum hoc pedite pugnaturi 'estis reliquias extremas hostium, non hostes, habebitis. 'Ac nihil magis vereor, quam ne, vos quum pugnaveritis, 'Alpes vicisse Hannibalem videantur. Sed ita forsitan decuit, cum foederum ruptore duce ac populo deos ipsos, sine 'ulla humana ope, committere ac profligare' bellum: nos, 'qui secundum deos violati sumus, commissum ac profligatum conficere. Non vereor, ne quis me hoc vestri adhor'tandi causa magnifice loqui existimet: ipsum aliter animo 'affectum esse. Licuit in Hispaniam, provinciam meam, quo jam profectus eram, cum exercitu ire meo: ubi et 'fratrem consilii participem ac periculi socium haberem, et 'Hasdrubalem potius, quam Hannibalem, hostem, et 'minorem haud dubie molem belli. Tamen, quum præ' terveherer navibus Galliæ oram, ad famam hujus hostis ' in terram egressus, præmisso equitatu, ad Rhodanum movi 'castra. Equestri prælio, qua parte copiarum conserendi manum fortuna data est, hostem fudi: peditum agmen, 'quod in modum fugientium raptim agebatur, quia assequi 'terra non poteram, regressus ad naves, quanta maxima 'celeritate potui, tanto maris terrarumque circuitu, in radi'cibus Alpium obvius fui. Huic timendo hosti9 utrum, quum declinarem certamen, improvisus incidisse videor an occurrere in vestigiis ejus? lacessere ac trahere ad decer'nendum? Experiri juvat, utrum alios repente Carthaginienses per viginti annos terra ediderit: an iidem sint, 'qui ad Egates pugnaverunt insulas, et quos ab Eryce duodevicenis denariis æstimatos1 emisistis: et utrum Han

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4 At enim.] These words, as usual, anticipate and give its full force to an obvious objection: q. d. "But, it may be said; they are few, to be sure; but," &c.

5 Robora ac vires.] Refer respectively to animis and corporibus: i. e. passive and active strength-for resistance and aggression" strength and energy."

6 Ad hæc, præusti &c.] "Besides, their joints are scorched; their sinews frozen in the snow; their limbs parched by the frost (frostbitten); arms shattered and broken; horses lame and disabled." Prausti,

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