Frog Neurobiology: A Handbook

Copertina anteriore
R. Llinas, W. Precht
Springer Science & Business Media, 6 dic 2012 - 1048 pagine
In review, the amount of information available on the morphological and func tional properties of the frog nervous system is very extensive indeed and in certain areas is the only available source of information in vertebrates. Further more, much of the now classical knowledge in neurobiology was originally ob tained and elaborated in depth in this vertebrate. To cite only a few examples, studies of nerve conduction, neuromuscular transmission, neuronal integration, sense organs, development, and locomotion have been developed with great detail in the frog and in conjunction provide the most complete holistic descrip tion of any nervous system. Added to the above considerations, the ease with which these animals may be maintained (both as adults and during development) and the advantage of their lower cost as compared with other vertebrate forms make the frog one of the most important laboratory animals in neurobiology. With these thoughts in mind, we decided to compile this volume. Our goal in doing so was to assemble as much as possible of the information available on frog neurobiology and to have the different topics covered by authorities in each of the fields represented. To keep the handbook restricted to one volume, we found it necessary to omit the large field of amphibian muscle neurobiology, which has already been summarized in various other publications.
 

Sommario

Electrical Stimulation
541
Summary
546
Auditory System
547
Morphology and Physiology of the Auditory System R R CAPRANICA With 12 Figures
551
Inner Ear
556
Auditory Nervous System
561
Summary
572
Gustatory System 18 Physiology of the Gustatory System M SATO With 7 Figures
576

34
89
Morphology of the Autonomic Nervous Systems J TAXI
102
SOTELO INSERM U106 Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie Hôpital de Port Royal
123
Anatomy
128
The Ganglia
150
Structure and Function of the Epidermis B LINDEMANN and C VOÛTE
169
Structure of the Corium
177
Regulation and Mechanism of Water Transport
199
Sensory Systems
211
Structure of the Olfactory and Accessory Olfactory Systems F SCALIA With 11 Figures 213
212
The Peripheral Olfactory System
214
Structure of the Olfactory Bulb and Accessory Olfactory Bulb
218
General Structure of the Telencephalon
220
Experimental Analysis of the Central Olfactory and Accessory Olfactory Pathways
228
Summary
232
Physiology of Olfactory Reception R C GESTELAND With 7 Figures
234
Olfactory Behavior
235
Olfactory Organ Electrophysiology
237
Action Potentials in Olfactory Receptor Neurons
244
Summary
247
Visual Pigments and Photoreceptor Function K O DONNER and T REUTER With 16 Figures
251
The Properties and Spectral Characteristics of the Visual Pigments
255
Spectral Properties of the Electroretinogram and the Ganglion Cell Discharge
259
The Bleaching and Regeneration of the Visual Pigment
268
Summary
271
Physiology and Morphology of the Retina J E DOWLING With 10 Figures
278
Electron Microscopy
280
Synaptic Pathways
288
Intraretinal Recording
290
A Model of the Synaptic Organization of the Mudpuppy Retina
293
Summary
294
Neurophysiology of the Anuran Visual System O J GRÜSSER and U GRÜSSERCORNEHLS With 83 Figures
297
Eyes Visual Field and Eye Movements
298
Classes of Retinal Ganglion Cells
305
Quantitative Investigations of Retinal Neuron Responses
316
Comparative Studies of Anuran Retinal Ganglion Cell Responses
333
The Neurophysiology of the Tectum Opticum
335
Visually Activated Neurons in the Diencephalon
350
Visual Neuronal Responses of the Telencephalon
354
Visual Responses in the Vestibular Nuclei and Cerebellum
355
Correlations between Neuronal Responses and Behavioral Patterns
357
Models and Concepts
368
Nuclear Organization and Connections F SCALIA With 16 Figures
386
Terminal Neuropil and CellMasses in the Optic Pathway
391
Further Connections within the Visual System
402
Development of the Optic Pathway
404
Cellular and Synaptic Architecture of the Optic Tectum G SZÉKELY and G LÁZÁR With 11 Figures
407
Synaptology of the Optic Tectum
413
The Tectal Circuitry
429
Summary
432
Behavioral Correlates of Central Visual Function in Anurans D INGLE With 3 Figures
435
Retinal Encoding of the Visual Image
436
Plasticity in PreyCatching Behavior
438
Releasers of Avoidance
441
Detection of Stationary Objects
443
Orientation toward Maximal Light Intensity
444
The Accessory Optic System and Optokinetic Nystagmus
446
Telencephalic Visual System
449
Vestibular and Lateral Systems 14 Morphology of Peripheral and Central Vestibular Systems D E HILLMAN With 32 Figures
452
Membranous Labyrinth
453
Perilymphatic Space
455
Receptor Areas
457
Receptor Epithelium
462
Primary Afferent System
476
Efferent Vestibular System
478
Summary
479
Physiology of the Peripheral and Central Vestibular Systems W PRECHT With 18 Figures
481
Responses of Primary Vestibular Neurons
482
Efferent Vestibular System
489
Responses of Neurons in the Vestibular Nuclei
492
VestibuloOcular Relationship
502
VestibuloSpinal Relationship
503
Ablation Experiments
507
Summary
509
Amphibian Lateral Line Receptors I J RUSSELL With 28 Figures
513
Gross Morphology and Distribution of the Lateral Line
515
Function of the Lateral Line
517
Development of Lateral Line Organs
520
Regression and Regeneration of Lateral Line Organs
523
The Physiology of Lateral Line Organs
525
Functional Significance of the Responses of Afferent Fibers to Water Displacements
531
Organization of Lateral Line Input to the Central Nervous System
534
The Afferent Control of the Lateral Line System
535
Lingual Nerve Response to Chemical Stimuli
578
Events at the Taste Cell and CellAxon Junction
582
Efferent Control of Gustatory Organs
584
Summary
585
Morphology of Gustatory Organs C B JAEGER and D E HILLMAN With 10 Figures
588
Papillary Gustatory Organs
591
NonPapillary Gustatory Organs
602
Summary
604
Cutaneous Receptors 20 Pain and Temperature Receptors of Anurans D C SPRAY With 23 Figures
607
Pain Receptors in Frog Skin
611
Anuran Thermoreceptors
615
Summary
626
Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors W T CATTON With 20 Figures
629
Receptor Fields
630
Receptor Thresholds
631
Excitability Changes under Subliminal Stimulation
632
Responses to RampandPlateau Stimulation
634
Receptor Fatigue
636
Receptor Adaptation
637
Effects of Sympathetic Stimulation and of Catecholamines
640
Summary
641
Muscle Spindles 22 Morphology and Physiology of Muscle Spindles D OTTOSON With 37 Figures
643
Functions of the Spindle
652
Concluding Remarks
673
Nervous System
674
Spinal Cord 23 Morphology of the Spinal Cord S O E EBBESSON With 33 Figures 679
677
The Basic Organization
680
Spinal Afferents
689
Ascending Spinal Systems
692
Transmitters in the Ranid Spinal Cord
701
Neurophysiological Correlates
702
Concluding Remarks and Summary
703
Ultrastructural Features of the Spinal Cord C SOTELO and I GROFOVA With 31 Figures
707
Summary
726
Functional Synaptology of the Spinal Cord J I SIMPSON With 11 Figures
728
Motoneurons and Primary Afferent Inputs
729
Dorsal Root Potentials and Primary Afferent Inputs
735
The Descending Lateral Column Pathway
736
Motoneuron Activation as an Input
741
Summary
746
Electrical Properties of Spinal Motoneurons P C SCHWINDT With 11 Figures
750
Antidromic Spike Components
753
Afterpotential Components
754
Rhythmic Firing Behavior
757
Accommodation Properties
758
Electrotonic Coupling between Motoneurons
759
Summary
762
Organization of Locomotion G SZÉKELY and G CZÉH With 13 Figures
765
The Organization of the Spinal Motor Column
767
Spinal Control of Limb Movement
776
Conclusions
788
Summary
789
Spinal Reflexes with Altered Periphery L M MENDELL and M HOLLYDAY With 6 Figures
793
Wipe Reflexes in Rana pipiens with Trunk Skin Rotations
801
Excision of Lumbar Ganglia
805
General Discussion
806
Summary
807
Brain Stem 29 Structure of the Brain Stem R NIEUWENHUYS and P Opdam With 24 Figures
811
Gross Morphology
812
Cranial Nerves
813
The Overall Histological Pattern
815
Nuclei and Fiber Tracts
824
Conclusions and Comments
847
Metamorphic Changes in the Brain and Spinal Cord A HUGHES
856
Behavioral Events at Metamorphosis
858
The Mesencephalic Nucleus of V
859
The Tail Cord and Nerves
860
Concluding Remarks
861
Summary
862
Morphology of the Cerebellar Cortex G SOTELO With 44 Figures
864
Morphology of Neuronal Elements
866
Neuronal Circuits
873
Some Comparative Aspects of the Cerebellar Circuits of the Frog
889
Summary
890
General Electrophysiology of the Neuronal System in the Cerebellar Cortex
893
In vitro Preparations
912
Development of the Prosencephalon P CLAIRAMBAULT With 18 Figures
924
Nonolfactory Cortex
946
Functional Aspects of Hormone Production in the Hypothalamus and
995
Summary
1011
The Frog as an Experimental Animal HK MÜLLER
1022
Subject Index
1041
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