Frog Neurobiology: A HandbookR. Llinas, W. Precht Springer Science & Business Media, 6 dic 2012 - 1048 pagine In review, the amount of information available on the morphological and func tional properties of the frog nervous system is very extensive indeed and in certain areas is the only available source of information in vertebrates. Further more, much of the now classical knowledge in neurobiology was originally ob tained and elaborated in depth in this vertebrate. To cite only a few examples, studies of nerve conduction, neuromuscular transmission, neuronal integration, sense organs, development, and locomotion have been developed with great detail in the frog and in conjunction provide the most complete holistic descrip tion of any nervous system. Added to the above considerations, the ease with which these animals may be maintained (both as adults and during development) and the advantage of their lower cost as compared with other vertebrate forms make the frog one of the most important laboratory animals in neurobiology. With these thoughts in mind, we decided to compile this volume. Our goal in doing so was to assemble as much as possible of the information available on frog neurobiology and to have the different topics covered by authorities in each of the fields represented. To keep the handbook restricted to one volume, we found it necessary to omit the large field of amphibian muscle neurobiology, which has already been summarized in various other publications. |
Sommario
Electrical Stimulation | 541 |
Summary | 546 |
Auditory System | 547 |
Morphology and Physiology of the Auditory System R R CAPRANICA With 12 Figures | 551 |
Inner Ear | 556 |
Auditory Nervous System | 561 |
Summary | 572 |
Gustatory System 18 Physiology of the Gustatory System M SATO With 7 Figures | 576 |
34 | 89 |
Morphology of the Autonomic Nervous Systems J TAXI | 102 |
SOTELO INSERM U106 Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie Hôpital de Port Royal | 123 |
Anatomy | 128 |
The Ganglia | 150 |
Structure and Function of the Epidermis B LINDEMANN and C VOÛTE | 169 |
Structure of the Corium | 177 |
Regulation and Mechanism of Water Transport | 199 |
Sensory Systems | 211 |
Structure of the Olfactory and Accessory Olfactory Systems F SCALIA With 11 Figures 213 | 212 |
The Peripheral Olfactory System | 214 |
Structure of the Olfactory Bulb and Accessory Olfactory Bulb | 218 |
General Structure of the Telencephalon | 220 |
Experimental Analysis of the Central Olfactory and Accessory Olfactory Pathways | 228 |
Summary | 232 |
Physiology of Olfactory Reception R C GESTELAND With 7 Figures | 234 |
Olfactory Behavior | 235 |
Olfactory Organ Electrophysiology | 237 |
Action Potentials in Olfactory Receptor Neurons | 244 |
Summary | 247 |
Visual Pigments and Photoreceptor Function K O DONNER and T REUTER With 16 Figures | 251 |
The Properties and Spectral Characteristics of the Visual Pigments | 255 |
Spectral Properties of the Electroretinogram and the Ganglion Cell Discharge | 259 |
The Bleaching and Regeneration of the Visual Pigment | 268 |
Summary | 271 |
Physiology and Morphology of the Retina J E DOWLING With 10 Figures | 278 |
Electron Microscopy | 280 |
Synaptic Pathways | 288 |
Intraretinal Recording | 290 |
A Model of the Synaptic Organization of the Mudpuppy Retina | 293 |
Summary | 294 |
Neurophysiology of the Anuran Visual System O J GRÜSSER and U GRÜSSERCORNEHLS With 83 Figures | 297 |
Eyes Visual Field and Eye Movements | 298 |
Classes of Retinal Ganglion Cells | 305 |
Quantitative Investigations of Retinal Neuron Responses | 316 |
Comparative Studies of Anuran Retinal Ganglion Cell Responses | 333 |
The Neurophysiology of the Tectum Opticum | 335 |
Visually Activated Neurons in the Diencephalon | 350 |
Visual Neuronal Responses of the Telencephalon | 354 |
Visual Responses in the Vestibular Nuclei and Cerebellum | 355 |
Correlations between Neuronal Responses and Behavioral Patterns | 357 |
Models and Concepts | 368 |
Nuclear Organization and Connections F SCALIA With 16 Figures | 386 |
Terminal Neuropil and CellMasses in the Optic Pathway | 391 |
Further Connections within the Visual System | 402 |
Development of the Optic Pathway | 404 |
Cellular and Synaptic Architecture of the Optic Tectum G SZÉKELY and G LÁZÁR With 11 Figures | 407 |
Synaptology of the Optic Tectum | 413 |
The Tectal Circuitry | 429 |
Summary | 432 |
Behavioral Correlates of Central Visual Function in Anurans D INGLE With 3 Figures | 435 |
Retinal Encoding of the Visual Image | 436 |
Plasticity in PreyCatching Behavior | 438 |
Releasers of Avoidance | 441 |
Detection of Stationary Objects | 443 |
Orientation toward Maximal Light Intensity | 444 |
The Accessory Optic System and Optokinetic Nystagmus | 446 |
Telencephalic Visual System | 449 |
Vestibular and Lateral Systems 14 Morphology of Peripheral and Central Vestibular Systems D E HILLMAN With 32 Figures | 452 |
Membranous Labyrinth | 453 |
Perilymphatic Space | 455 |
Receptor Areas | 457 |
Receptor Epithelium | 462 |
Primary Afferent System | 476 |
Efferent Vestibular System | 478 |
Summary | 479 |
Physiology of the Peripheral and Central Vestibular Systems W PRECHT With 18 Figures | 481 |
Responses of Primary Vestibular Neurons | 482 |
Efferent Vestibular System | 489 |
Responses of Neurons in the Vestibular Nuclei | 492 |
VestibuloOcular Relationship | 502 |
VestibuloSpinal Relationship | 503 |
Ablation Experiments | 507 |
Summary | 509 |
Amphibian Lateral Line Receptors I J RUSSELL With 28 Figures | 513 |
Gross Morphology and Distribution of the Lateral Line | 515 |
Function of the Lateral Line | 517 |
Development of Lateral Line Organs | 520 |
Regression and Regeneration of Lateral Line Organs | 523 |
The Physiology of Lateral Line Organs | 525 |
Functional Significance of the Responses of Afferent Fibers to Water Displacements | 531 |
Organization of Lateral Line Input to the Central Nervous System | 534 |
The Afferent Control of the Lateral Line System | 535 |
Lingual Nerve Response to Chemical Stimuli | 578 |
Events at the Taste Cell and CellAxon Junction | 582 |
Efferent Control of Gustatory Organs | 584 |
Summary | 585 |
Morphology of Gustatory Organs C B JAEGER and D E HILLMAN With 10 Figures | 588 |
Papillary Gustatory Organs | 591 |
NonPapillary Gustatory Organs | 602 |
Summary | 604 |
Cutaneous Receptors 20 Pain and Temperature Receptors of Anurans D C SPRAY With 23 Figures | 607 |
Pain Receptors in Frog Skin | 611 |
Anuran Thermoreceptors | 615 |
Summary | 626 |
Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors W T CATTON With 20 Figures | 629 |
Receptor Fields | 630 |
Receptor Thresholds | 631 |
Excitability Changes under Subliminal Stimulation | 632 |
Responses to RampandPlateau Stimulation | 634 |
Receptor Fatigue | 636 |
Receptor Adaptation | 637 |
Effects of Sympathetic Stimulation and of Catecholamines | 640 |
Summary | 641 |
Muscle Spindles 22 Morphology and Physiology of Muscle Spindles D OTTOSON With 37 Figures | 643 |
Functions of the Spindle | 652 |
Concluding Remarks | 673 |
Nervous System | 674 |
Spinal Cord 23 Morphology of the Spinal Cord S O E EBBESSON With 33 Figures 679 | 677 |
The Basic Organization | 680 |
Spinal Afferents | 689 |
Ascending Spinal Systems | 692 |
Transmitters in the Ranid Spinal Cord | 701 |
Neurophysiological Correlates | 702 |
Concluding Remarks and Summary | 703 |
Ultrastructural Features of the Spinal Cord C SOTELO and I GROFOVA With 31 Figures | 707 |
Summary | 726 |
Functional Synaptology of the Spinal Cord J I SIMPSON With 11 Figures | 728 |
Motoneurons and Primary Afferent Inputs | 729 |
Dorsal Root Potentials and Primary Afferent Inputs | 735 |
The Descending Lateral Column Pathway | 736 |
Motoneuron Activation as an Input | 741 |
Summary | 746 |
Electrical Properties of Spinal Motoneurons P C SCHWINDT With 11 Figures | 750 |
Antidromic Spike Components | 753 |
Afterpotential Components | 754 |
Rhythmic Firing Behavior | 757 |
Accommodation Properties | 758 |
Electrotonic Coupling between Motoneurons | 759 |
Summary | 762 |
Organization of Locomotion G SZÉKELY and G CZÉH With 13 Figures | 765 |
The Organization of the Spinal Motor Column | 767 |
Spinal Control of Limb Movement | 776 |
Conclusions | 788 |
Summary | 789 |
Spinal Reflexes with Altered Periphery L M MENDELL and M HOLLYDAY With 6 Figures | 793 |
Wipe Reflexes in Rana pipiens with Trunk Skin Rotations | 801 |
Excision of Lumbar Ganglia | 805 |
General Discussion | 806 |
Summary | 807 |
Brain Stem 29 Structure of the Brain Stem R NIEUWENHUYS and P Opdam With 24 Figures | 811 |
Gross Morphology | 812 |
Cranial Nerves | 813 |
The Overall Histological Pattern | 815 |
Nuclei and Fiber Tracts | 824 |
Conclusions and Comments | 847 |
Metamorphic Changes in the Brain and Spinal Cord A HUGHES | 856 |
Behavioral Events at Metamorphosis | 858 |
The Mesencephalic Nucleus of V | 859 |
The Tail Cord and Nerves | 860 |
Concluding Remarks | 861 |
Summary | 862 |
Morphology of the Cerebellar Cortex G SOTELO With 44 Figures | 864 |
Morphology of Neuronal Elements | 866 |
Neuronal Circuits | 873 |
Some Comparative Aspects of the Cerebellar Circuits of the Frog | 889 |
Summary | 890 |
General Electrophysiology of the Neuronal System in the Cerebellar Cortex | 893 |
In vitro Preparations | 912 |
Development of the Prosencephalon P CLAIRAMBAULT With 18 Figures | 924 |
Nonolfactory Cortex | 946 |
Functional Aspects of Hormone Production in the Hypothalamus and | 995 |
Summary | 1011 |
The Frog as an Experimental Animal HK MÜLLER | 1022 |
1041 | |
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