encounters.' 10. receptu 'retreat,' 'place of refuge,' doubtless their camp. 11. militem singular for collective: 'the soldiery.' minus paenitere 'to be less hopeless,' literally dissatisfied;' this verb, not in a finite mood, is often used personally. 13. habebat: 'he found.' 14. qui nihil aliud... morae: 'whom nothing but the fact of his subordinate authority prevented from,' etc.; Livy's aristocratic bias renders him somewhat unjust to Minucius, as before to Sempronius and afterward to Varro. 17. propalam in vulgus: openly, so that everybody might hear him.' 19. premendo : 'by disparaging,' deprimendo.

=

6

CHAP. XIII. 22. ex Hirpinis : a nearly direct line from Luceria to Beneventum, runs southwest viâ Aecae, over the Apennines, and through the country of the Hirpini. The distance is about fifty miles. The Hirpini were a Sabellian nation, led from their original home by a wolf (hirpus). They had been included in the Samnite league, but that existed no longer. Samnium, here used in a narrow sense, means the land of the Caudini. Telesia was fifteen to eighteen miles northwest of Beneventum. The latter was the name substituted for Maleventum, when the Romans planted a colony there in 268 B. C. 32. res maior quam auctores esset : 'the enterprise was too important to be undertaken upon their sole guaranty.' nisque sc. vicibus.

33. alter

taken the route viâ CasiPolybius makes no men

Page 156. 4. duci: 'the guide.' in agrum Casinatem : it is hard to see why he should have num, when he was aiming at Capua. tion of the misunderstanding, and the story is suspicious. Casinum is about forty miles northwest; Capua about fifteen miles southwest; Callifae and Allifae about nine and twelve respectively northwest of Telesia. Casilinum was three or four miles north of Capua, on the Volturnus, and Cales four or five miles north of Casilinum. The campus or ager Stellas was north of the Volturnus and west of the Via Appia.

5. eum saltum: the pass into the valley of the Liris. 6. exitum: from Samnium or Apulia; but the Via Appia, the most direct road from Rome to Capua remained open.

เ

acciperet, fecit: caused him to understand.' rarum: A. 216, a, 4; H. 397, 4; G. 371, R. 4.

8. ut

12. ubi ter

13. mansurum:

'would lodge;' 'spend the night.'

17. agrum Falernum :

north of the ager Stellas; famous for producing the best wine 18. aquas Sinuessanas: these famous baths still

in Italy.
exist, now called I Bagni, near Mondragone.

22. iusto... imperio: this was substantially true of most of Rome's dependencies at this period, before the era of foreign conquest and its consequent corruption. Yet Capua was treated with exceptional severity, and was anxious to throw off the Roman yoke.

29.

CHAP. XIV. 26. Massici montis: on the border of Latium and Campania; hence came the famous Massic wine. celerius solito: Fabius' real object, as appears later, was to shut the enemy in the Capuan plain by seizing the passes. 32. colonorumque Sinuessae: a colony and fortress had been planted here in 296 B. C., at the time of the third Samnite war. 33. Spectatum: supine; ut ad rem fruendam oculis, is a sort of appositive to it, both expressing purpose.

Page 157. 3. ne

pudet: 'are we not ashamed before these fellow-citizens?' Pudet takes a causal genitive; civium, however, expresses the occasion rather than the cause of their shame. 8. pro interjection. 9. nuper: though the period referred to was more than a generation previous, the word marks the rapidity of their degeneration. 10. dedecus imperii: Philinus says that before the first Punic war the Carthaginians were excluded by treaty from the Italian waters, and such seems to have been the popular belief, though it is now known to have been erroneous. 12. modo: more recently than nuper. 19. aestivos saltus: mountain pastures

used in summer.

21. M. Furius (Camillus): he is said to have delivered Rome, when dictator, from the Gallic invaders of 390 B. C. (Livy, Bk. v. ch. 48.) 22. unicus: ‘unequalled,'' admirable;' sarcastic. 28. Veios allatum: incorrect, for Camillus was in exile at Ardea when summoned to assume the dictatorship. Ianiculum: the highest hill at Rome, but on the north bank of the Tiber, and so on the road from Veii. 29. in aecum: 'to the plain.'

31. Busta Gallica: the 'tombs of the Gauls,' so called because many Gauls were said to have died of a plague, and

their bodies to have been burned there, during the siege of the Capitol, after the burning of the city. 33. Furculas Caudinas: here in 321 B. C., during the second Samnite war, a Roman army, marching to relieve Luceria, was surrounded and made to pass under the yoke. 34. L. Papirius Cursor: gained great success in the same war, and captured Luceria in 320 B. C. 35. perlustrando: 'by traversing;' processions formed an important part of the ritual of the lustrum, and the word was readily transferred to general use.

Page 158. 1. Modo

twenty-four years before; another

6.

allusion to the battle of the Aegates Islands in 241 B. C. debellari posse: that the war could be finished.' 9. velut contionanti cf. p. 127, 1.

32.

13. haud dubie ferebant:

they declared plainly.' CHAP. XV. 15. pariter: tautological, unless it be taken in temporal sense, simul. 20. summa ope: modifies petiti. 22. praesentis . . copiae it was a region of fruit rather than of grain, and besides it had just been laid waste. non perpetuae: this was not the only reason why Hannibal should prefer to winter elsewhere; he had possession of no cities, and the Romans occupied strong positions on the hills near by. On the broad open plains of Apulia, in a fertile region, he would be master of the situation. 23. arbusta . . . consita, etc. : a loose construction; the meaning is regio . . consita arbustis vineisque et omnibus, etc.

26.

25. easdem angustias: yet Hannibal is represented as having come into the campus Stellas from Allifae, through the territory of Cales, i. e. apparently to the west of the hills between Cales and Casilinum, and now Fabius guards a position to the east of the same hills to keep him from going back. Calliculam montem: somewhere in the range of hills extending from Cales to the Volturnus; the pass over the mountain is intended here rather than the mountain itself. 27. Casilinum : this fortress on the Volturnus, at the junction of the Appian and Latin Ways, blocked Hannibal's march by a southerly 28. dirempta: i. e. the river flows through the town. Campano in the narrower : sense, Capuan,' for the ager Falernus was part of Campania. 29. reducit: the most

route.

natural and obvious thing for Fabius to do was to block the passage between Cales and Teanum Sidicinum.

Page 159. 1. occupatus: 'carried away.' 2. excideruntque: sc. animo; 'were forgotten.' 7. Carthalo: cf. p. 195, 1. 8, and p. 204, l. 14. equestris adjective for objective genitive. 13. omni parte virium: a rather inaccurate phrase, as they had cavalry only on both sides, unless we understand it as meaning 'in all respects.' 18. saltum: the defile of

Tarra20.

Lautulae on the Appian Way in Southern Latium. cinam: on the Volscian coast, originally called Anxur. Appiae (viae) limite: 'by the line of the Appian Way.' agrum Romanum : the territory of the thirty-five tribes of cives Romani. 22. in viam apparently the road over the Callicula mons. 23. Duo inde milia: an unusually short

distance.

CHAP. XVI. 24. bina: A. 95, b; H. 174, 2, 3); G. 95, R. 2. 28. Carptim: 'at different points,' or 'repeatedly,' or 'in detachments;' it is difficult to say which of these meanings is the one intended; we have noticed Livy's fondness for adverbs of this form. 31. ab Romanis: 'on the side of the Romans.' 32. Inclusus: Polybius speaks only of an attempt to surprise Hannibal at one pass. A complete blockade of the district, such as seems here indicated, would apparently require more troops than Fabius had. via ad Casilinum obsessa: 'the road (to the south) being blocked at Casilinum.'

33. tantum

sociorum:

11.

Page 160. 1. Formiana: Formiae was on the Appian Way, on the coast, a little north of the Liris. Literni: on the coast near Cumae, the scene of the voluntary exile of Scipio Africanus in 185 B. C. 2. silvas: the silva Gallinaria near Cumae, infested in the author's time by brigands. 5. necubi: ne-cubi, final conjunction. 6. ludibrium: illusion.' domitos: 'broken' to the yoke. 'collected.' Hasdrubalique: chief of the men, as Polybius tells us. 15. si posset: difficult to drive the oxen with any precision. is not very probable. super saltus: not along the pass, but so as to make the Romans think their flank had been turned.

13. effecta: 'raised,' engineers or workof course it was The whole story

ad vivom ad 23. repente: equivalent to

CHAP. XVII. 20. in adversos . . . montis: 'up the mountains.' 22. ad vivom: to the quick.' imaque cornua: hendiadys. an adjective, attributive to discursu; this is one of the Grecisms characteristic of the Latin of the silver age.

24. haud

secus quam . . . accensis: 'as if (purposely) set on fire.' 29. praesidio: 'station,' 'post.' 33. flammas spirantium: the substantive is properly omitted, for the soldiers did not know what the creatures were.

Page 161. 3. Levi

of abstract for concrete.

.

armaturae: characteristic use 4. incurrere: 'met,' 'encountered,'

not ‘attacked;' this verb is usually construed with in and the accusative. 5. neutros . tenuit: a very awkward sentence; 'kept both sides from beginning a fight before morning.' 6. Hannibal: for similar instances of a nominative inserted into an ablative absolute, cf. p. 11, 1. 2, and p. 104, 1. 21.

16.

CHAP. XVIII. 12. ab suis: 'from their comrades.' concursandum: 'skirmishing.' 18. statariumque: i. e.

used to fighting only in a regular formation.

24. Romam

se petere simulans: Hannibal always strove by rapid movements to perplex and alarm the enemy. 25. Paelignos: almost directly east from Rome; their chief town finium. 27. absistens: 'avoiding.'

was Cor28. Gereonium : a

town of the Frentani near the frontier of Samnium and Apulia. 30. Larinate agro: Larinum was about fifteen miles north of Gereonium.

Page 162. 1. confidat . . . imitetur: strictly according to the rule of sequence we should expect secondary tenses after agens, which depends on revocatus (est). 3. ludificationem : 'baffling.' 7. haec. praemonito haec is cognate accusative retained with the passive verb. A. 238, b; H. 371, II.; G. 331, R. 2.

CHAP. XIX. The narrative broken off at the end of Bk. xxi., ch. 61, is here resumed. It will be remembered that Cn. Scipio had invaded Spain in the previous year and gained considerable successes. 11. Hasdrubal: the elder of Hannibal's brothers. acceperat: he had received fifty-seven ships, of which thirty-seven were equipped for use;

quem