21. iacerent: subjunctive of characteristic.

22. una virtute: valor alone.

ad: about; adverb with milibus iiii, the case of which it does not affect.

24. diei: W. 348, 720; B. 201. 3. a; A. 214. g; H. 446. 5.

iam: any longer.

25. sectionem: booty, spoil; probably so called from "cutting" it up into lots for division. This included the prisoners of war, sold as slaves. But it appears from Bk. V, ch. 38 and 39, that some of the Atuatuci were left in the country.

27. capitum: individuals, souls; i. e. the number of slaves bought was reported by the buyers.

1. P. Crasso: cf. page 39, line 10; also Bk. III, ch. 7, 8, 9, 11, and 20-27.

legione una: the 7th, as appears from page 66, line 5.

2. Venetos, etc. : for these nations, see map, frontispiece. The name of the Veneti appears in that of the French town of Vannes, that of the Redones in Rennes. The story of the campaign against the Veneti in the following year forms an important part of Bk. III.

Coriosolitas: this form of accusative plural, in the third declension, is found in Celtic names.

3. maritimae civitates in the territory of modern Brittany and Normandy.

4. Oceanum: the Atlantic; the Mediterranean was mare.

CHAPTER 35

8. perlata: spread from tribe to tribe (per).

9. incolerent: subjunctive because in a clause logically depending on uti. . . mitterentur; W. 620; B. 324. I; A. 342; H. 652.

10. se: refers not to qui, but to nationibus, line 8, as is shown by the feminine participles daturas, facturas.

II. pollicerentur: subjunctive in a relative clause of purpose. Italiam: Cisalpine Gaul, as it was called, i. e. northern Italy as far south as the Rubicon; see note on page 7, line 15.

12. Illyricum: one of the provinces under Caesar's jurisdiction; see Introduction, page lxii.

13. Carnutes, etc.: see map, frontispiece. These names survive, Carnutes in Chartres, Andes in Anjou, Turonos in Tours. The legions were thus quartered along the line of the Loire, in the middle of Gaul.

14. quaeque civitates: = et civitates quae.

15. gesserat: sc. Crassus; these nations were far from the country where Caesar had been fighting.

hiberna see Introduction, page lii.

17. supplicatio: a solemn thanksgiving, usually lasting three or four days. The longest one up to this time, lasting ten days, had been in honor of Pompey after the war against Mithradates (Cic. Prov. Cons. 11, 27). Caesar's party was now in power at Rome, and his services received full recognition from the government.

quod: sc. id, referring to the statement just made; W. 304. 2; B. 247. I. b; A. 200. e. N; H. 399. 6.

18. nulli: very emphatic in its position. How is nullus declined? W. 112; B. 66; A. 83; H. 93.

BOOK THREE-B. C. 56

Caesar's lieu

CONQUEST OF NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST GAUL. tenant Galba, stationed in the Alps for the winter, is obliged by the hostility of the natives to withdraw (ch. 1-6). In the spring, Caesar proceeds against the tribes of Aremorica, in the northwest of Gaul. A tedious campaign against the Veneti, the principal nation of that region, is finally decided by a naval battle, after which the Veneti are severely punished for their resistance (ch. 7-16). Sabinus, another lieutenant, subdues the Venelli along the northern coast (ch. 17-19). Crassus conducts a successful expedition into Aquitania, resulting in the submission of most of that country (ch. 20-27). Caesar finishes the year's campaign by laying waste the territory of the Morini and Menapii along the northern coast (ch. 28, 29). Chapters 1-6 relate to events in the late autumn of 57 B. C.

1. in Italiam: Caesar's destination being the prominent idea, these words occupy an emphatic position at the beginning of the sentence; see note to page 40, line 18.—Ser. Galbam: he became praetor urbanus in 54 B. C.; was one of the conspirators against Caesar in 44; his greatgrandson was emperor in 68–69 A. D.

2. legione xii: Caesar had eight legions at this time; see note on duas legiones, page 41, line 18. -Nantuates, etc.: see map, opposite

page 10.

3. qui a finibus, etc. : Geneva, at the west end of Lac Leman, was at the northeastern corner of the Allobrogian territory.

4. summas: the tops of; W. 416; B. 241. 1; A. 193; H. 497. 4.

5. iter per Alpes: the famous Great St. Bernard pass, which was then the shortest route over the Alps and to Octodurus (Martigny) in the Rhone Valley. Napoleon crossed by it in 1800.

6. magno cum periculo: but only with great danger; ablative of accompaniment or attendant circumstance.- -portoriis: transit dues, tolls. mercatores: see note on page 1, line 9.

7. Huic: Galbae.

8. si . . . arbitraretur: future condition in informal indirect disconlocaret object clause of purpose, depending on

course.

—uti..

permisit; W. 512; B. 295. 2; A. 331; H. 564. I.

10. proeliis factis, etc. : five ablatives absolute, indicating successive events, all prior to the time of constituit.

12. cohortes: see Introduction, page xxix.

13. in Nantuatibus: in the vicinity of the modern St. Maurice.reliquis: viz. eight.

14. vico: an unwalled village.

16. adiecta adjoining. 17. hic: sc. vicus.

-flumine: the Drance, which flows into the

Rhone below Martigny, which is generally agreed to have been on the site of Octodurus; i. e. Octodurus lay between Martigny-Ville and MartignyBourg, which are one mile apart.

18. Gallis: i. e. the inhabitants of the village.

2. eo i. e. into that part of the village occupied by Galba's troops. -iussisset: sc. Galba.

3. quam

concesserat indicative: an independent statement of fact, not part of the indirect quotation depending on certior factus est; but impenderent, line 5, is treated according to the general rule for verbs in subordinate clauses in indirect discourse.

4. omnes: sc. Gallos.-montes: the lower heights commanding the valleys.

5. impenderent: W. 605; B. 314. 1; A. 336. 2; H. 643.

7. Id: refers to the following clause, ut caperent, a substantive clause of result in apposition with and explaining id, the subject of acciderat.

9. neque eam plenissimam : and that not having its full complement of men, a fact explained in the two following ablatives absolute. There had been a heavy loss in the battle with the Nervii. As to the number in a legion, see Introduction, page xxx.

10. detractis . . . duabus: see page 62, line 13.-singillatim : as individuals.

II. commeatus petendi causa: W. 639. 1; 640; B. 339. 1; A. 296, 298. c; H. 626. 1.

15. Accedebat, quod: there was the further fact that, or simply and besides. The quod-clause is the subject of accedebat.

16. abstractos (esse): infinitive with subject accusative depending on dolebant; B. 331. V; A. 333. b; H. 614.

17. nomine by way of, as; lit. "by the name of."

20. sibi persuasum habebant: were convinced; persuasum agrees with the clause Romanos conari.

CHAPTER 3

21. cum causal.

-opus: the work of constructing or fitting up.

He took the Gallic houses, but built the usual camp fortifications.

22. perfectae: agrees with the nearest subject; W. 298. 1; B. 235. B. 2. b) y); A. 205. d; H. 392.

23. esset provisum: provision had been made.

25. consilio: who composed the consilium? Introduction, page xxx. 26. Quo: W. 304. 2; B. 251. 6; A. 201. e; H. 510.

27. praeter opinionem: contrary to expectation.

29. subsidio dative of purpose; W. 343; B. 191. 1; A. 233; H. 433. I. Translate neque subsidio veniri (posset): neither could help come; W. 233. 3; B. 138. IV; A. 146. d; H. 302. 6.

PAGE 64

5. ad salutem: to (a place of) safety.—Maiori... parti placuit: the majority voted.

6. ad extremum casum: for a last resort.

CHAPTER 4

8. spatio: sc. temporis.—vix ut, etc. : scarcely enough to allow time, etc.—rebus . . . administrandis: gerundive, dative of purpose. This is not as frequent as the accusative with ad or in.

10. decurrere . . . coicere: historical infinitives; W. 631. 1; B. 335; A. 275; H. 610.

II. gaesa: heavy Gallic javelins; their particular shape is not known.—integris viribus: ablative absolute; while their strength was still unimpaired.

12. propugnare: this and the other infinitives in the sentence are historical.neque ullum: the Latin prefers this to et nullum, which would correspond to the English idiom.

13. loco superiore: i. e. the rampart of the camp.

14. defensoribus: ablative of separation; W. 374, 375; B. 214. I. b); A. 243; H. 462.