17. paulo infra: i. e. to the southwestward. The tide runs west along the French coast while still running east in mid-Channel. We are not told whether the two ships were stranded or reached a harbor.

CHAPTER 37

18. Quibus: the two ships last mentioned.- -circiter ccc: we can not make any inference as to the size of a legion, because there is no reason to suppose the ships were of uniform size, and the largest of them would be apt to be most unmanageable.

19. castra: probably P. Sulpicius Rufus's camp at the harbor of Boulogne or Wissant; page 95, line 1.

21. primo adverb.- -non ita: not so very.

22. circumsteterunt: sc. eos, i. e. the three hundred soldiers.

23. ponere: =

deponere, to lay down.orbe facto: forming a cirThe officers and the baggage,

cle, so as to face in all directions at once.

if there was any, would occupy the center. 24. ad: on hearing, or in answer to.

6. siccitates: the plural indicates the condition of several swamps. 7. quo se reciperent: to retreat to; W. 586. 1; B. 282. 2 ; A. 317. 2;

H. 590.

8. superiore anno: see Bk. III, chs. 28, 29.

10. in Menapiorum fines: see page 94, lines 27-30.

13. in Belgis . . . hiberna: the legions would thus be nearer to Britain in the spring, and in the meantime would keep the Belgic Gauls in good order.

16. neglexerunt: sc. obsides mittere. Thus the tangible results of the invasion were insignificant.

17. supplicatio: see note on page 61, line 17. The mind of the Roman public was greatly impressed by Caesar's crossing of the Rhine and of the Channel.

BOOK FIVE-B. C. 54

SECOND INVASION OF BRITAIN, ch. 1-23. Having resolved upon a more effective invasion of Britain, Caesar orders a fleet to be assembled at Portus Itius, where, after quieting disturbances in Illyricum and settling a dispute between rival chiefs of the Treviri, he gathers his troops for the voyage. Dumnorix, the Haeduan, intending to take advantage of Caesar's absence, deserts on the eve of his departure, but is pursued and slain. Landing on the south coast of England, Caesar puts the natives to flight. The narrative is interrupted by an account of the island and its inhabitants. Caesar marches inland in spite of vigorous resistance, receives the submission of many tribes, and then returns to Gaul.

THE WAR WITH AMBIORIX, ch. 24-54. Grain being scarce, Caesar divides his army for the winter. One camp, that of Sabinus and Cotta, is attacked, and by treacherous promises of Ambiorix the Romans are induced to leave it. On the march they are destroyed by the enemy. Quintus Cicero, in command of another detachment, when similarly attacked, defends himself gallantly until he is rescued by Caesar's advance to his relief. The proposed attack on the camp of Labienus is abandoned for the time, but almost all Gaul is stirred up. Later Indutiomarus attacks Labienus, but is defeated and slain. The episodes of this season are the most exciting in the whole narrative of the Gallic War.

1. L. Domitio Ap. Claudio consulibus: 54 B. C.; see note to page 2, line 9.- -2. hibernis: see page 103, line 14.——— -Italiam: i. e. his province of Cisalpine Gaul, called Italy, as opposed to Gaul beyond the Alps; see note to page 7, line 15.- -3. uti... aedificandas . . . curent that they should have built; W. 644. 2; B. 337. 7. b) 2); A. 294 d; H. 622.- -5. Earum: the new ones, of course.- -modum formamque measurements and plan.- -6. Ad: with a view to.7. humiliores lower above the water-line and with less depth of hold. -nostro mari: the Mediterranean.- -8. id eo magis: all the more on this account. 9. minus magnos: "choppy" seas are characteristic of the Channel. -II. transportandam: agrees with the

nearest noun. -paulo latiores: sc. eas fecit.

12. actuarias:

provided with oars; predicative.- -14. Hispania: from Spain came the broom plant used to make ropes, and metal for anchors. It was a highly civilized province and friendly to Caesar; see Introduction, page xiii. 15. conventibus: see note to page 40, line 18.- -citerioris Cisalpinae.Illyricum: see note to page 61, line 12.—: -18. imperat: orders to furnish.— -19. convenire: sc. milites.— -21. omnibus rationibus: in every way.

=

8. ad exercitum ; Caesar had left the army in Belgium about Januáry 1st, had held the courts in Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum, had quelled the disturbances in Illyricum, and was back with the army in May or June after an absence of about five months and having traveled about two thousand miles.- -10. singulari . . . studio: by the extraordinary zeal of the troops; connect with instructas (esse) and abesse, as cause.-in: in spite of -II. supra: in ch. 1.———————— -13. neque . . abesse .. quin... possint: and were not far from being able; the quin-clause is the subject of abesse; A. 332. d; H. 595. 1.- -16. portum Itium: see note to page 94, line 26.-17. cognoverat : by observation the

year before.- -18. milium .. xxx: 30 Roman = 274 English miles.

...

-22.

-19. huic rei: for this business, i. e. probably, to take care of the port and the ships left there.—militum: partitive, with quod. concilia: assemblies, appointed by Caesar to regulate the affairs of conquered nations.

CHAPTER 3

-26.

24. Haec civitas: sc. Treverorum; see page 55, line 12.supra: page 68, line 17.- -demonstravimus: Caesar as the author speaks in the first person.duo . . . contendebant: Caesar's regular policy was to foster dissensions among the peoples he wished to subdue, to espouse the cause of one party, and thus get both into his power. The Roman maxim was divide et impera.— -28. alter: the latter.

PAGE 106

-13.

2. neque connect with defecturos, not with confirmavit. petere to ask favors.—civitati consulere: have regard for the interests of the state.- -15. Sese: (saying) that he (Indutiomarus).18. imprudentiam: do not translate "imprudence."―laberetur : should fall away, i. e. be led astray.- -19. si Caesar permitteret: if he came without permission Caesar would naturally treat him as an enemy.

CHAPTER 4

28. evocaverat: sc. Caesar.

PAGE 107

-5.

2. eius: Cingetorigis.—intellegebat: sc. Caesar.—magni interesse: W. 361, 369. (c); B. 211. 3; A. 252. a; H. 449. 3.graviter tulit: took to heart, was deeply grieved at.- -6. et qui: and although he; W. 586. 7; B. 283. 3. b); A. 320. e; H. 593. 2.

CHAPTER 5

10. Meldis

generally supposed to be the tribe about the modern Meaux, on the Marne (Matrona), near its junction with the Seine (Sequana); but there are reasons for supposing that another tribe somewhere near the channel coast may be meant.— -14. numero: ablative of specification. -15. in se fidem. loyalty to himself.

CHAPTER 6

20. ante: Bk. I, ch. 16-20.- -23. Accedebat huc quod, etc. : besides this Dumnorix had said. -25. graviter ferebant: the Haedui elected annual magistrates (vergobreti, page 11, line 29, and note), and would resent such interference by Caesar. We do not know that Caesar ever said anything of the sort to Dumnorix, but see the cases of Commius, Bk. IV, ch. 21; Tasgetius, Bk. V, ch. 25; Cavarinus, Bk. V, ch. 54.- -29. Ille: Dumnorix.

PAGE 108

1. navigandi: insuetus is followed by the genitive, dative, or accusative with ad; W. 352; B. 204. I; A. 218. a; H. 453. 2. -2. religionibus: religious scruples.- -7. fieri: infinitive of indirect discourse; saying is implied in territare. -10. fidem. . . interponere : gave a promise to the rest (those not in Caesar's hands); historical infinitive.- -II. ex usu: to the interest of, lit. "of use to."

CHAPTER 7

14. Qua re the speech of Dumnorix in the council of the Haedui. -15. dignitatis: respect.- -18. quid: adverbial accusative. -19. eo loco: i. e. Portus Itius.- -20. Corus: a northwest -21. omnis temporis: of every season.- —22. dabat operam: was taking pains.—24. tempestatem: see note to page 95, line 4. -26. impeditis: busy, occupied.

wind.

June or early July.—15. Africo: southwest wind; the name given in Italy is not appropriate on the English Channel. —17. longius delatus: carried too far, to the northeast, into the North Sea. Then at the change of the tide the ships were rowed back to the landing-place of the year before, near Dover. -22. laudanda : praiseworthy.

27. cum: although.- -29. quae cum . . . tempore: of which, counting those of the year before, etc.—more than eight hundred had been seen at once.—privatis (navibus) : belonging to individuals who accompanied the expedition on a commercial venture, to trade, buy slaves, etc.

5. cohortibus x: not one legion, but ten cohorts from different legions, probably two from each of the five mentioned at page 109, line 13.

-6. tertia vigilia: see note to page 8, line 22.- -7. navibus: dative.. -12. equitatu atque essedis: ablative of accompaniment without cum; W. 392; B. 222. I; A. 248. a. N; H. 474. 2. N. 1. See note on essedis, page 100, line 24.- -flumen: this may have been the lesser Stour. Caesar would be approaching it from the east.rari: in small numbers.- -propugnabant : came out. . . to fight. 20. testudine, aggere: see Introduction, pages lvii and lv.- —25. castrorum: this camp may have been on Barham Downs.

CHAPTER 10

28. aliquantum itineris: some distance.- -29. iam: still.extremi: the hindmost of the detachment sent out by Caesar.

2. adflictas: knocked about.

CHAPTER 11

PAGE III

-5. concursu: collision.

8. in itinere resistere: to halt.

with his own eyes.

mechanics.

-18.

-10. coram: we should say, -12. fabros: many of the soldiers were skilled

-13. Labieno: at Portus Itius.— -14. eis legioni