-2. quoque: any one:

-laqueis:

I. sollertiae: cleverness.nooses. -falces: i. e. murales; heavy hooks used to pull stones out of walls; see Introduction, page lvi.- -3. tormentis: windlasses.4. cuniculis mines.—subtrahebant: drew away the material of which the agger was built.———————5. ferrariae : iron is still mined about Bourges, and there is a cannon-foundry in the city.— -7. contabulaverant: they had built up. -II. cotidianus agger: the daily increase in the height of the agger.- -12. commissis . . . malis: by. splicing the upright timbers which formed the corners of their towers, or by uniting the upright timbers, by means of successive horizontal beams, as they raised the structure within the tall corner masts.———— -13. apertos cuniculos: perhaps the open ends of passages or galleries in the agger, where they emerged toward the wall; or perhaps of subterranean tunnels or mines intended to run under the walls; see Introduction, page liv. -15. morabantur: obstructed.

CHAPTER 23

17. Muri: remains of such walls have been found at Beuvray, and at Murscheint near Cahors.— -18. derectae: at right angles to the length of the wall. perpetuae in longitudinem: along the whole length. -20. revinciuntur: i. e. by tie-beams (40 ft. long) running lengthwise of the wall, probably mortised.-23. idem intervallum: i. e. two feet.- -24. neque . . . contingant, etc.: i. e. the

beams of each course rested on the stones of the course below. 27. iusta: complete, full.-28. cum . . . tum: not only . . . but also. -29. alternis ... saxis: i. e. the face of the wall had a checker

I. materia: timber.- -2. introrsus revincta: cf. page 182, line 20, and note.

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5. frigore: it was still winter; see page 187, lines 27, 28.7. latum pedes cccxxx, etc.: these dimensions are not improbable, Göler thinks (Gall. Krieg, p. 254). A large number of trained men was available to do the work. But we need not understand that it was a solid embankment of this width. More probably two narrow ones were connected at the ends by a third running parallel, and close to the wall.altum pedes lxxx: i. e. at the end next to the city. it is evident that the agger was built largely of wood.

-12. fumare: cuniculo: by

means of a counter-mine.

-14. ab utroque latere : i. e. one on each

side. -17. quo: to what place; interrogative.- -18. vix...

-19. instituto Caesa-22. turres: they were movable,

posset: a decision could scarcely be formed.ris: according to Caesar's practice.and so could be drawn back along the agger.- -23. interscinderent: cut. . . in two, to prevent flames from spreading back its whole length.

CHAPTER 25

27. pluteos turrium: wooden bulwarks in the different stories of the towers, somewhat like the loricae described at page 128, line 20.—————— 28. nec et with animadvertebant, non with facile.―apertos: sc. milites, exposed.- -29. recentes: fresh.

PAGE 184

2. nobis: the author.- -3. quod: a thing which.- -5. per manus... traditas: passed from hand to hand, and finally to him. -6. e regione: in a line with, directly in front of, a tower on the -7. scorpione: see Introduction, page lvii.—ab latere: his own side.- -8. iacentem: as he lay. Caesar always frankly admired courage in his enemies.

agger.

CHAPTER 26

18. non: connect with magna.

-21. tardabat: would delay.

-23. proiectae: reflexive, casting themselves.

-24. suorum:

sc. virorum.- -29. non recipit: does not admit, allow. -30. Quo timore: by fear of this.

3. derectis put in position.—operibus: here means engines. -9. expeditis: participle, not attributive adjective: getting the legions ready for action. -11. praemia: see Introduction, pages

Xxxvi, xxxvii.

CHAPTER 28

15. re nova: with surprise. should be made by the Romans.·

sive.

17. obviam veniretur: an advance -20. circumfundi: impersonal pas

-25. Cenabensi caede: the massacre (of Romans) at Cenabum mentioned in chap. 3.—————26. confectis: infirm. This dreadful massacre was intended to frighten the whole Gallic nation into submission. Caesar did not enjoy cruelty, but always punished treachery or what he considered rebellion with frightful severity. Here, moreover, he was avenging the Romans murdered at Cenabum; page 169, lines 16-20. -28. Denique: in short.

PAGE 186

-3. procul: at a distance

...

1. multa ... nocte: late in the night.from his camp.- -4. disparandos. . . curavit : he had them divided and escorted to their own countrymen.- -5. quae . . . obvenerat: to that part of the camp which from the beginning had been allotted to each state. Desjardins (Géographie de la Gaule Romaine, vol. ii, 676) thinks that if the wishes of Vercingetorix had been carried out, Avaricum would have been a Moscow to Caesar.

CHAPTER 29

-8. ne.

7. consolatus, etc.: sc. Vercingetorix.demitterent not to lose heart entirely.— -9. Non virtute, etc. cf. the thought at page 9, lines 22-26.- -12. si qui: whoever.— -13. Avaricum defendi, etc. : see page 177, lines 20–22. -14. factum [esse]:

it had occurred; viz. uti . . . acciperetur.

...

-21. effectum habere:

25. quod ipse .

non . . . fugerat: Gallic leaders, as a rule,

after one defeat gave up the fight and fled for their lives.integra: in the beginning.

PAGE 187

4. in spem veniebant: they were encouraged.

-29. re

-6. castra mu

-7. insueti

nire: i. e. in Roman fashion; cf. page 179, lines 5-7, and note, in regard to the German cavalry tactics adopted by Vercingetorix.— laboris although unaccustomed to labor.

CHAPTER 31

13. capere: win over to the Gallic cause.ing) what, etc.- -23. conduxerat: had hired. join the general revolt; see note on page 68, line 23.

-16. quem, etc.: (sayThe Aquitani did not

I. sive ... sive to try whether ... or. tive to the subject principes.—3. necessario: urgent.the state. -5. magistratus: see page 11, lines 28–30.usque: sc. esse; each of them had.

-2. legati: apposi

-4. rem: 14. cui

-Quod si : Now if, But if.

16. Id ne accidat: subject of positum (esse).—positum (erat) in:

depended on.

CHAPTER 33

22. aluisset, ornasset: subjunctive by attraction because subordinate to descenderet. 23. descenderet: should go so far as to resort to.- -sibi: refers to pars.—26. eis: indirect object of liceret.

27. ne quid . . . videretur: connect with ipse statuit, etc., not with preceding sentence.- -29. quos inter eos inter quos.- -30. Decetiam now Décize (on the Loire).

PAGE 189

2. alio . . . oportuerit: at a place and time other than what was right.- -3. fratrem: Cotus.- -fratre : Valetiacus. -renuntiatum: declared elected. 4. duo: subject of creari, for duos.vivo -7. sacerdotes: the Druids.

utroque while both are living.— more civitatis intermissis magistratibus: as was usual in the state when there were vacancies in the magistracy. Druids filled the place, as they had a right to do in a vacancy, because the retiring Vergobret had failed to appoint his successor legally. In fact, Caesar no doubt strengthened his own position among the Haedui.

CHAPTER 34

II. omnibus

...

rebus everything (else).- -12. devicta := cum devicta esset.- -18. Elaver: the Allier, which runs into the Loire a little below Nevers (Noviodunum).

-19. illi: Labieno.

21. ab altera parte: i. e. on the west side; Caesar at Decetia was on the east bank, but had to cross the Allier to reach Gergovia, which was some distance to the west.

CHAPTER 35

-dispositis: by

23. e regione: in line with, directly opposite to.Vercingetorix.- -27. non fere ante autumnum: now, because of the gradual filling up of the channel, it is usually fordable in summer.

PAGE 190

5. constare to be complete. Caesar made his four legions on the march look like six by detaching (distractis) some of the cohorts to make 8. coniecturam caperet: he calculated.

up the two sham legions.

-in castra: i. e. that they had had time for a full day's march.9. pars inferior: i. e. the part below the surface of the water.

CHAPTER 36

15. eo loco where he had encamped after crossing the river.quintis castris: in five days, camping each night.-Gergoviam:

Vercingetorix was already there. The town lay upon a high plateau 2,400 feet above the sea, four miles south of Clermont, and was easily accessible only on the south and southeast.- -20. expedisset: he had arranged. -castris: the Gallic camp, marked on the plan opposite page 190. -23. iugi: ridge.- -qua dispici poterat: wherever there was a view.- -24. horribilem: i. e. to the Romans.limits quoque, ablative of quisque.

PAGE 191

-30. suorum:

-collis: a spur

-2. circum-3. aquae: the

I. e regione: directly opposite; i. e. to the south.of limestone called La Roche-Blanche, "White Rock."cisus: scarped, i. e. cut into precipices all round.brook Auzon. -4. hostes: accusative.- -6. castris: the location of Caesar's maiora castra has been shown by excavations.9. duodenum: = duodenorum.—minora : with two legions; there were four in the larger camp, also auxiliaries and cavalry.

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13. demonstravimus: in ch. 32, 33.nia, mentioned three lines above.- -18. -23. sic tamen: but only so far as.—

PAGE 192

I. temere: without some good reason.

dative, with praeficeretur.

-17. praemium: the pecuimperio: dative of purpose. -30. ratio: method.

-2. x illis milibus:

-3. mitterentur: were about to be sent,

as requested by Caesar, page 189, line 13.— -4. fratres: they were to

try to win over the Haeduan troops serving under Caesar.

qua: subject of agi.

CHAPTER 38

-5. reli

6. exercitu: the 10,000 soldiers referred to in line 2.9. Omnis... interiit: this was a falsehood, as also was the statement about Eporedorix and Viridomarus, who were favorites of Caesar.II. indicta causa: unheard in their own defense.—14. pronuntiare: from declaring.- -15. Producuntur ei, etc.: compare the ruse of Vercingetorix page 181, lines 3-19.- -18. conlocuti: sc. esse.21. sibi: refers to the subject of the main verb obsecrant. sili: for deliberation.— -27. persequamur: let us avenge.29. cives Romanos: perhaps in charge of the supplies mentioned in next line. praesidi: armed escort,

-22. con