PAGE 193

1. excruciatos: on the cruelty of Gauls, see note to page 151, line 25. -2. civitate: why is there no preposition?—————— -3. permovet : object supplied from tota civitate, line 2.- -4. atque as.

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-II. ab eo by Caesar.

9. traditum : introduced.illa... controversia: described at page 188.

12.

-13. summis opibus: with all their might.—17. quod ... provideat: subjunctive because considered a subordinate clause of oratio obliqua.—————19. propinqui sc. possint.

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25. ad contrahenda castra: to reduce the size of the camp, so as to fit the two legions left behind.———posita (esse) in: to depend upon.27. Fratres Litavicci: see page 192, line 4.

PAGE 194

I. necessario tempore: in the emergency.

to Caesar's soldiers.

-2. omnibus: refers -5. quemquam: more emphatic than quem, -6. illi: the Haeduan soldiers. They had

which is usual after ne. been deceived by Litaviccus; see page 192, lines 9-11.- -10. mortem deprecari: to beg they might not be put to death. lorum, etc. see Bk. III, ch. 22.

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esse.

-II. more Gal

-26.

eo

15. conservatos: sc. eos -18. quanto ... fuerit: how perilous the situation had been.- -20. integri: i. e. Galli.succederent: took the place of, relieved.- -23. in vallo: on the rampart.- -25. tormenta: see Introduction, page lviii.rum: of the enemy. -relictis: leaving open.- -obstruere, etc. the present infinitive implies that the work was going on when the messengers started.. -29. ante ortum solis, etc.: he had started about midnight; see page 193, line 15; lines 23, 24; marched 25 miles, rested three hours, and was back in camp before sunrise of the second day; say twentyeight hours in all for the 50 miles.

4. illi... generi: cf. e. g. page 66, line 22, and note.-5. habeant pro re comperta : consider certain. −7. Adiuvat rem proclinatam helps to precipitate matters.- -10. ad legiones: probably

at Gergovia.

II. Cavillono: now Châlon-sur-Saône; see page 226, line 11.idem facere: i. e. to leave Cavillonum. About traders see note to page 169, line 17.

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-28.

24. ea res: i. e. either the profit or the act of plundering.gravius... iudicare: was not very severe in his judgment.

Nihil...

PAGE 196

4. omnem exercitum contraheret: i. e. unite again with the four legions under Labienus; see page 189, line 16.

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7. Haec: i. e. how to get away from Gergovia without seeming to flee. -8. minora castra: on La Roche-Blanche; cf. collis, page 191, lines 1-10, and note on line 2; plan, after page 196.— -9. collem: part of Risolles Heights.- -13. Constabat inter omnes: all agreed. -15. eius iugi: the northern slope of Risolles Heights, along which was a narrow approach to the town, through the woods.- -16. alteram partem: the west side, farthest from the Roman camp. -17. illos: the Gauls.

-quod : = id quod.

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23. eo: where the Gauls were fortifying. This was to divert attention from his intended point of attack, their camp. Caesar was trying to make the Gauls fear an attack from the west and northwest, while in fact he intended a surprise from the southeast of Risolles and the saddle connecting those heights with the town.— -25. impedimentorum: here means packhorses.— -26. stramenta: pack-saddles.- -29. easdem ... regiones: i. e. southwest of the smaller camp, toward Chanonat.

2. neque and yet not. work of fortifying.

-8.

PAGE 197

:

-6. illo thither.—munitionem: the insignibus: i. e. the crests of their helmets. -9. raros: in small parties; a few at a time.- -16. occasionis: surprise. He did not intend to hold the Gallic camp, but only to make a successful dash at it and then retreat from Gergovia with undiminished prestige.- -17. alio ascensu: marked on the plan, "Route of

the Haedui."

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19. recta regione: in a straight line.

-21. clivum: the plateau

of Gergovia is about 500 feet above the top of La Roche-Blanche.-23.

-25. inferiore. . . spatio: the half of the hill

ferebat: permitted.

below and outside of the wall.

PAGE 198

1. Nitiobrogum: living on the north bank of the Garumna (Garonne).

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5. animo: dative.

-proposuerat: Caesar is accused of attempting by his language to disguise a failure. But if he had really attempted more than he here says he would have been open to contradiction by his lieutenants to whom he had given orders that day, and some of whom, after the war, became his enemies.-receptui: dative of purpose.- -6. legionisque x: always the favorite.- -7. constiterunt: halted.8. valles west of the village of Merdogne; see on the plan the successive positions of the 10th legion. The signal was given from the first position.- -10. retinebantur: conative; an unsuccessful attempt was made to hold them back.- -18. hostem: the Romans. -19. vestem; collective; clothing. -23. per manus: by holding the hands of persons on the wall.- -demissae: letting themselves down.- -26. Avaricensibus: gained at Avaricum. The troops had been allowed to plunder the town; see Chapter 28.-29. rursus: in turn.

-22. pro

18. sub infimo colle: at the base of the hill, on which the smaller camp was located; see Sextius, Ist position, on plan.gressus: i. e. on the return; see 10th legion, 2d position, on plan.

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24. loco, numero, virtute: ablatives with confiderent. 25. Haedui: directed to attack the town from the east; they were now to the north of the retreating Romans.- -27. manus distinendae causa: to divide the enemy's forces.

those of the other Gauls.

-28. similitudine: i. e. to

PAGE 200

2. insigne pactum: the sign agreed upon, by which they were to be recognized as friends of the Romans.— -5. L. Fabius: see page 198, -7. eiusdem legionis: i. e. the 8th.

line 24.

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22. deiecti: forced down.

-intolerantius connect with insequentes.- -24. aequiore loco: see plan, 10th legion, 3d position. -26. locum superiorem: see plan, Sextius, 2d position.Legiones driven down the hill by the Gauls, on reaching level ground they turned and drove back the Gauls, with the help of the 10th and 13th legions.―30. desiderati: missing.

:

6. quid iniquitas loci posset: what the effect of a disadvantageous position is.- −8. exploratam: assured; yet see page 179, line 27— page 180, line 6. Caesar was not so sure at the time. opere... tanto opere: the more . . . the more.

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10. Quanto

18. ad extremum: at the end of his speech.— -22. ante: see page 196, lines 2–6.-23. idoneo loco: Caesar wished to tempt Vercingetorix to a general engagement, but Vercingetorix was too sagacious. -26. satis ... factum : this fails to conceal from the reader that the siege of Gergovia was a failure.

4. Ibi east of the Allier, in the Haeduan country.- -appellatus : appealed to. -6. opus esse: they wished an excuse to get away from Caesar. They were going to turn against him.— -8. perspectam habebat : = perspexerat.— -12. eis: Viridomarus and Eporedorix. -13. quam humiles, etc.: see page 22, lines 2–14; Bk. VI, ch. 12. -18. omnium: all (previous).

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21. Noviodunum: Nevers, Caesar's base of supplies.- -28. Bibracte: locative.

PAGE 203

8. negotiandi causa: see page 9. obsides pledges of loyalty to the -12. potuerunt: sc. avehere.

169, line 17, and note.Romans; see page 208, line 4. -13. flumine: by (throwing it

into) the river.

-20. ex nivibus: from the melting of the snows on the mountains. It was now July, harvest-time; cf. frumentum in agris ; page 204, line 8.

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23. si ... periclitandum: in case he should have to risk (a battle) while building bridges.- -24. eo: at the Loire.-26. non nemo... existimabat: some thought.-27. cum: correlative with tum, line 29; not only. but also.- -29. Labieno: dative.30. quas una miserat: page 189, line 16.

...

line II.

11. supplemento: see page 168, lines 4, 5; page 172, 13. Lutetiam: see page 142, line 22, and note. -19. perpetuam paludem: a continuous marsh; probably along the little river Essone, extending back from its confluence with the Seine. The Gauls were posted on the north side of it.

...

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23. vineas agere: Labienus's purpose was, under cover of these mantelets, to build a road across the marsh by throwing in fascines and earth. -25. difficilius: apparently because of the softness of the ground in the marsh.-26. Metiosedum: later Melodunum, whence comes the modern name Melun; he returned along the left bank to Melun, captured it, and then proceeded down the right bank, unhindered, to Paris.

II. Caesar... audiebatur: people were hearing that Caesar, etc. 14. itinere et Ligeri: from marching and from (crossing) the -19. aliud atque: other than.—

Loire.

...

-23.

altera ex

They could

-26. prae

parte: i. e. to the north.- -24. opinionem: reputation. put 100,000 men into the field.. -alteram: sc. partem.sidio at Agedincum, on the other bank of the Seine.