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a Roman colony, founded 181 B. C. It was within Caesar's provincial jurisdiction as governor of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum.

qua proximum iter . . . erat: this was by way of Mont Genèvre, a

safe and easy pass.

19. Ibi in the Alps.

21. itinere ablative of separation; W. 376; B. 214. 2; A. 243. a;

H. 464.

Compluribus: connect with proeliis, his with pulsis; this is the "interlocked" order; B. 350. 11. d); A. 344. h.

22. Ocelo: probably to be identified with Avigliana or Drubiaglio on the Dora Riparia river.

23. citerioris provinciae: Gallia Cisalpina.

25. Segusiavos: clients of the Haedui, and therefore friendly to the Romans. They lived west of the Rhone. Caesar apparently encamped in the angle of the Rhone and Saône (Arar), outside the boundaries of his province.

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28. angustias: referred to at the beginning of ch. 6 and ch. 9. See notes to those passages.

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I. populabantur: note the tenses; they had arrived (pervenerant) and were plundering. The Helvetians had advanced only about 100 miles during Caesar's absence, which must have lasted 30 or 40 days.

2. possent subjunctive in a clause of time and cause; W. 536, 542; B. 286. 2; 288. B; A. 325, 326; H. 598, 600.

3. rogatum accusative supine, expressing purpose with a verb of motion; W. 654; B. 340. I. a; A. 302; H. 633.

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The Haedui are called socii of the Romans by Livy (Bk. lxi), referring to the year 121 B. C.; Cicero calls them sarcastically fratres nostri. See Tacitus, Ann. xi. 25.

5. nostri i. e. Romani; agrees with exercitus.

vastari: B. 270. 2; A. 271; H. 607.

7. necessarii: necessitudo means community of interests.

8. depopulatis: passive here, though the verb is deponent; W. 185. 2; B. 112. b; A. 135. b.

9. ab oppidis; notice the preposition here and the absence of it with itinere, page 7, line 5; both times in connection with prohibere.

10. Allobroges: probably those in the angle of the Rhone, south of Culoz.

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13. exspectandum (esse) sibi: that he must not wait; sibi is the so-called dative of agent; W. 339; B. 189. I; A. 232; H. 431.

15. pervenirent: subjunctive with dum expressing purpose, until they should arrive; W. 533; B. 293. III. 2; A. 328; H. 603. II. 2.

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16. Flumen est: there is a river.

The Arar (Saône) formed the

boundary between the Sequani and the Haedui.

17. in Rhodanum influit: at the city of Lugdunum (Lyons). lenitate: ablative of quality; W. 394; B. 224; A. 251; H. 473. 2. It might possibly be taken as ablative of manner with influit.

18. fluat: subjunctive in indirect question; W. 590; B. 300. I; A. 334; H. 649. II. The question is the subject of iudicari non possit. possit subjunctive of result.

.19. transibant: the place where the Helvetii crossed the Saône is not definitely known.

20. tres... partes: three fourths.

21. copiarum what is the difference in meaning of copia and copiæ ? traduxisse: some compounds of trans take two objects, as here partes and flumen; W. 320; B. 179. 1; A. 239. 2. b; H. 413.

22. citra: on the east bank.

Ararim: notice this accusative in -im; A. 55. d; 56. a. 1; H. 102. 3. N. de tertia vigilia: after midnight; de means "counting from the beginning of." See Introduction, page lii, on the meaning of vigilia, and method of reckoning time of day and night.

23. castris it seems likely that this camp was close to a place now called Sathonay, in the angle of the Rhone and Saône, a very few miles from Lyons.

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25. Eos: = eam partem.

26. concidit: what is the meaning of concidit?

mandarunt : = mandaverunt; W. 189; B. 116. ; A. 128. a; H. 238. 27. in.. . silvas: accusative because motion is implied in abdiderunt; they went into the woods and hid themselves.

This battle probably occurred near Trévoux, on the east bank of the Saône, some 15 miles north of Lyons.

28. pagus: properly a district, canton, here means the people of the district. This canton corresponded approximately to the modern Zürich. 29. divisa est: is divided, not has been divided, as on page 1, line 1.

30. domo no preposition is used with domi, domum, domo; W. 404, 405; B. 229. I. b; A. 258. a; H. 462. 4.

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1. L. Cassium, etc. : this occurrence is referred to page 5, line 25. See note on that passage.

2. casu... consilio : ablatives of cause.

deorum Caesar had little or no religious belief, but often talks of the power of fortune, e. g. Bk. VI, ch. 42; Bel. Civ. iii. 105.

3. quae pars := ea pars . . . quæ ; W. 303. 3; B. 251. 4. a); A. 200. b. N; H. 399. 3.

4. princeps

...

persolvit was the first to pay; W. 412; B. 239;

A. 191; H. 497. 3. Notice the three words in succession beginning with the same letter. Such "alliteration," as it is called, is quite common in Latin. Sometimes it is accidental, often intentional.

6. ultus est: from ulciscor.

eius i. e. Caesaris.

7. soceri: Caesar's (4th and) last wife was Calpurnia, daughter of Lucius Calpurnius Piso.

legatum: it was correct etiquette to speak of officials by their appropriate titles.

8. proelio: ablative of time; W. 406; B. 230. 2; A. 256; H. 486.

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10. posset: subjunctive of purpose.

in :
: over.

faciendum curat: had built, i. e. caused to be built; W. 644. 2; B. 337. 7. 6) 2); A. 294. d; H. 622.

12. diebus xx: within twenty days; W. 407; B. 231; A. 256; H. 487.

13. ut flumen transirent: namely, crossing the river, substantive clause explaining id, object of fecisse; W. 521, 522; B. 297. 3; A. 332;

II. 571. 3.

illum i. e. Caesarem; illum . . . fecisse is indirect discourse, depending on intellegerent.

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15. bello Cassiano : ablative of time, in the war with Cassius. This had been in 107 B. C. Divico was therefore an aged man in 58 B. C.

17. Si pacem, etc.: from this point the rest of the chapter is in indirect discourse, depending on egit and reporting the language of Divico. The whole passage is given in direct form in A. 339. In the first sentence the verbs ituros (esse) and futuros (esse) are declaratory; reminisceretur iş

imperative. In the next, tribueret, line 25, and despiceret, line 25, are prohibitive. Didicisse, line 26, is declaratory. Committeret, line 28, is prohibitive. All the other verbs in the passage are subordinate. Faceret stands for facies; constituisset and voluisset for constitueris and volueris (future perfects); ituros and futuros for ibunt and erunt, or (nos) ibimus and erimus.

20. bello: ablative of means; W. 386; B. 218; A. 248. c. 1 ; H. 476. perseveraret: sc. Caesar.

21. incommodi: he means the defeat of Cassius; the use of a mild term for a serious thing is called "euphemism." Why genitive? W. 364; B. 206. 2; A. 219; H. 454.

22. Quod: conjunction; as to the fact that; W. 549; B. 299. 2; A. 333. a; H. 588. II. 3. N.

23. unum pagum: the Tigurini; see page 8, line 28.

adortus esset, transissent: subjunctives because in subordinate clauses of indirect discourse; W. 605; B. 314. I; A. 336. 2; H. 643. 24. suis: their countrymen; W. 409; B. 236. 1; A. 190. a; H. 503. 4. ob eam rem for that reason.

25. ipsos: i. e. Helvetios.

26. Se: i. e. Helvetios.

ut... contenderent. . . niterentur: subjunctives of result.

27. dolo... insidiis: ablative with niterentur; W. 389; B. 218. 3; A. 254. b; H. 476. 3.

28. ne committeret: he should not allow.

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1. His: sc. rebus, or legatis, or regard it as neuter.

Eo ablative of cause; for this reason; W. 384; B. 219; A. 245; H. 475.

The rest of the chapter is in indirect discourse, except the words Divico respondit and Hoc responso dato discessit. The direct form is given in H. 653, and in Allen and Greenough's Caesar, in the note to this passage.

:

dubitationis with what kind of words is the partitive genitive used? W. 355, 356; B. 201. 2; A. 216. a. 2; H. 441.

2. quod . . . teneret: W. 605; B. 286. 1; A. 336. 2; H. 643. commemorassent: subjunctive because it is subordinate to teneret; W. 620 ; B. 324; A. 342; H. 652.

3. eo... quo : ablatives of degree of difference; the (more, etc.) . . . the (less, etc.); W. 393; B. 223; A. 106. c; 250. R; H. 479.

4. merito ablative of cause or of that "in accordance with which' something happens.

qui si: = si populus Romanus.

:

5. iniuriæ objective genitive with conscius; W. 352; B. 204. I; A. 218. a; H. 450; 451. I.

sibi: need not be translated.

fuisse corresponds to fuit in direct discourse; B. 304. 3; A. 264. b ; H. 583. 3. Translate as if it were futurum fuisse; W. 617. 2; B. 3c4; 321. 2; A. 308. d. N; 337. b. 2; H. 647. 2, 3.

6. cavere subject of fuisse.

eo: thereby, referring to the clauses following, quod . . . intellegeret... putaret.

deceptum sc. populum Romanum ..

esse.

commissum:= quicquam commissum esse.

7. timeret: subjunctive of characteristic (quare is a relative = propter quod), as well as a subordinate verb in indirect discourse; W. 588, 605; B. 283, 314. I; A. 320, 336. 2; H. 591. 4.

timendum sc. esse; impersonal passive; W. 233. 3; B. 138. IV; A. 146. d; H. 302. 6, 7.

8. Quod now, or but, lit. "as to which"; W. 316; B. 185. 2; A. 240. b; H. 510. 9. Quod si . . . vellet: But if he were willing; direct discourse If I were willing: si velim or volo.

contumeliae genitive with a verb of forgetting.

9. num: not to be translated; it introduces a rhetorical question with its verb, posse, in the infinitive; W. 240. 5; 280. 2; B. 162. 2. b; A. 210. c; 338; H. 642. 2.

iniuriarum objective genitive with memoriam, line 11; W. 351; B. 200; A. 217; H. 439, 440. 2.

The wrongs are specified in the quod clauses which follow.

eo invito: we might expect se, as the reference is probably to Caesar; but eo may possibly mean populo Romano.

II. Allobrogas: notice the accusative plural of Celtic proper names of the third declension, ending in -as.

12. Quod: the fact that; quod . . . gloriarentur and quod . . . admirarentur are subjects of pertinere.

sua: of the Helvetians.

victoria over Cassius in 107 B. C.

14. eodem pertinere: had the same significance, were to the same effect.

Consuesse: as to the form, W. 189; B. 116. 1; A. 128. a. 1 ; H. 238. The present means to grow or become accustomed, the perfect to be accustomed.

15. quo used with a comparative adverb, gravius, to introduce a clause of purpose; W. 507; B. 282. 1. a; A. 317. b; H. 568. 7.

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