18. Cum concessive; W. 571; B. 309. 3; A. 326; H. 598.

19. ab eis: i. e. Helvetiis; sibi: Caesari.

ea: object of facturos (esse).

20. Haeduis: dative with satisfaciant; supplied from line 21. ipsis: i. e. Haeduis; dative with intulerint.

22. Sese... esse facturum: in direct discourse, faciam.

24. consuerint: subjunctive of result.

25. testem: again alluding to the victory over Cassius.

26. discessit: sc. Divico.

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27. movent sc. Helvetii; historical present. 28. equitatum: see Introduction, page xxxviii.

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I. coactum habebat: means nearly the same as coëgerat; B. 337. 6; A. 292. c; H. 431. 3.

qui . . . videant: clause of purpose; plural because the antecedent of qui is the collective equitatum; W. 301. 2; A. 199. b; H. 397.

2. quas... faciant: indirect question ; W. 590; B. 300. 1; A. 210, 338; H. 649. II.

Qui: They, the horsemen.

cupidius: too eagerly.

novissimum agmen: the rear of the Helvetian army. See Introduction, page xlvii.

3. alieno: unfavorable, lit. "another's"; similarly suus may mean 'advantageous."

loco: why ablative? W. 402. 2; B. 228. 1. b); A. 258. f. 1; H. 483, 485. 2.

4. de nostris: = nostrorum; the ablative with de or ex is commonly used, instead of a partitive genitive, with numerals; B. 201. 1. a; A. 216. c; H. 444.

6. equitibus ablative of instrument; W. 386; B. 218. 10; A. 248. c. I; H. 476.

8. agmine: B. 228. 1. b); A. 258. f. 2; H. 483, 485.

9. proelio: ablative of means; W. 386, 389; B. 218; A. 248. c. 1; H. 476.

nostros: sc. milites.

10. Satis habebat: was content; lit. “considered it enough."

II. rapinis, etc.; ablative of separation; W. 374; B. 214. 2; A. 243; H. 464.

prohibere object of habebat, satis being predicate; he considered it enough to prevent, etc.; W. 625; B. 177. 2; 328. I; A. 330. B; H. 613.

12. dies: accusative of duration; W. 324; B. 181; A. 256; H. 417. 13. primum sc. agmen; van or vanguard.

:

14. quinis aut senis: five or six each (day); distributive numerals; W. 130, 132; B. 78. 1. c; A. 95; H. 162. 3; 163, 164.

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milibus: ablative of distance or 'degree of difference"; amplius does not affect the case of the following noun as other comparatives do; W. 393, 382; B. 223, 217. 3; A. 247. c; 250; H. 471. 4; 479.

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15. Haeduos . . . frumentum : two accusatives with a verb of asking; W. 318; B. 178. 1. a; A. 239. c; H. 411.

16. essent... polliciti implied indirect discourse; which (he said) they had promised; W. 605; B. 323; A. 341. d; H. 649. I. publice in the name of the state, as a community.

flagitare: historical infinitive; W. 631. 1; B. 335; A. 275; H. 610. This verb is one of the class known as frequentatives; W. 273. 2; B. 155. 2; A. 167. b; H. 364.

frigora cold seasons; the climate was colder in those days, before the forests were cleared and the marshes drained.

18. frumenta: the plural is used for standing grain, the singular for the threshed grain.

19. ne . . . quidem: always separated by the emphasized word; W. 240. 6; B. 347. I; A. 151. e; H. 677.

pabuli: green fodder; this had been eaten by the cattle of the Hel

vetians.

20. frumento: ablative with uti; W. 387; B. 218. 1; A. 249; H. 477.

flumine ablative of means; W. 386; B. 218; A. 258. g; H. 476. 21. propterea : connect with the following quod; for the reason that, for this reason . . . because.

iter . . . averterant: the Helvetians had turned to the N. W. into the valley of the Liger (Loire); see map, opposite page 10 of the text.

23. Diem ex die: day after day; diem is accusative of duration; translate as if it were Caesarem ducere (they kept putting off) ex die in diem. Ducere is historical infinitive. So is dicere.

conferri, comportari, adesse : sc. frumentum; they all depend on dicere, and form a climax.

25. diutius: too long. intellexit: sc. Caesar.

26. die do not translate; W. 303. 2; B. 251. 3; A. 200. a; H. 399. I.

metiri infinitive, subject of the impersonal oporteret; W. 623; B. 327. 1; A. 270. b; H. 615. Grain was served out regularly twice every month; see Introduction, page xli.

oporteret subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect discourse. 27. eorum: Haeduorum.

28. Diviciaco et Lisco: ablatives in apposition with principibus. magistratui: dative with praeerat; W. 332; B. 187. III; A, 228;

H. 429.

29. vergobretum : Latinized from the Celtic words guerg breth. 30. annuus: predicate adjective; translate as if it were an adverb. in suos over his countrymen.

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2. tam necessario tempore: in a crisis so pressing.

3. propinquis hostibus: ablative absolute; W. 397; B. 227. 1; A. 255. a; H. 489.

sublevetur: this verb and sit destitutus, line 5, are in the subjunctive because Caesar the writer is giving the causes alleged by Caesar the speaker on this occasion; in other words, he is quoting himself as a third person, in indirect discourse; W. 545; B. 286. I; A. 321; H. 588. II.

4. magna ex parte in great measure.

5. susceperit: causal subjunctive.

multo ablative of degree of difference.

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8. quod object of tacuerat; sc. id, object of proponit.

Esse, etc. indirect discourse to the end of the chapter. The passage is given in direct form in Allen and Greenough's Caesar in the notes to this chapter.

9. plurimum valeat: adverbial accusative; see note on plurimum, page 3, line 19. The same construction is seen in plus possint.

There was a sort of feudal system in Gaul; hence the power of great landowners with many retainers. See Bk. VI, ch. 15.

10. possint this verb, as perhaps also valeat, line 9, is in the subjunctive of characteristic.

II. improba: reckless.

12. ne conferant : from furnishing; a substantive clause of purpose; W. 514; B. 294, 295. 3; A. 331. e. 2; H. 568. 2, 8; plural because multitudinem is a collective noun.

debeant sc. conferre.

praestare: that it was better, etc.; here Liscus is quoting the arguments used to stir up the people against the Romans.

15. superaverint: perfect subjunctive for the future perfect indicative of direct discourse.

16. una adverb.

reliqua: the rest of.

Haeduis dative with a verb of "taking away"; W. 337; B. 188. 2. d; A. 229; H. 427.

sint erepturi : nearly = eripiant, but emphasizes the intention morc; W. 576; B. 298; A. 319. d; H. 595. I.

17. quaeque : et quae.

18. a se sc. Lisco.

19. Quin etiam: nay even, moreover.

quod in that; W. 549; B. 299. 2; A. 333; H. 588. II. 3. necessariam: adjective like adverb; of necessity.

20. id refers to the clause quod

enuntiarit.

21. tacuisse: intransitive; in line 8 it is transitive.

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23. pluribus praesentibus: in the presence of a number of persons ; ablative absolute.

24. iactari: to be discussed, "bandied about."

dimittit. . . retinet: the omission of the conjunction (asyndeton) is common in Caesar; W. 253; B. 341. 4. a; A. 208. b; 346. c; H. 657. 6. 25. solo: sc. Lisco; in private. Cf. quaerit ex solo with ab aliis quaerit, line 27; W. 319; A. 239. c, N. 1; H. 411. 4.

27. vera: predicate adjective.

28. Ipsum: the very man; indirect discourse as far as desperare, page 13, line 19. The direct form is given in full in Allen and Greenough's Caesar, in the note on this passage.

summa audacia : (a man) of the greatest boldness; W. 394; B. 224; A. 251; H. 473. 2.

29. rerum novarum: revolutions, political changes; very frequent in Gaul in those times; objective genitive with cupidum; W. 352; B. 204. I; A. 218. a; H. 450. I.

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I. annos: accusative of duration. portoria: customs duties.

2. vectigalia: revenues in general; they were farmed out, i. e. the right to collect them was sold to the highest bidder, who then paid the

amount of his bid into the state treasury and kept the surplus for himself.

pretio ablative of price; W. 395; B. 225; A. 252; H. 478. redempta habere: had farmed; nearly = redemisse; like coactum habebat, page 11, line 1.

3. illo licente: ablative absolute; when he bid.

4. rem familiarem: property.

auxisse... comparasse: the subject is still Dumnorigem.

5. ad largiendum: gerund with ad, expressing purpose; W. 639. 3; B. 338. 3; A. 300; H. 628.

7. neque = et non.

domi: locative case; W. 403. 2; B. 232. 2; A. 258, d; H. 484. 2. 8. largiter posse: cf. plurimum possent, ch. 3. 7; plus possint, ch. 17. I.

potentiae: material power or personal influence; potestas is legal, and imperium military authority.

causa: W. 384; B. 219; A. 245. c; H. 475. 2.

9. Biturigibus: this name appears in the modern Bourges, the ancient Avaricum.

10. conlocasse: had given in marriage.

ipsum: Dumnorigem; his wife was the daughter of Orgetorix, page 3, line 16.

II. ex matre: on the mother's side; they were not children of the same father.

nuptum supine, expressing purpose; W. 654; B. 340. 1. b; A. 302; H. 633. I. See nubo and duco in the Vocabulary (last meaning under duco). A woman veiled herself" for her husband, a man "led" his wife to his home.

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12. cupere: was well disposed toward.

Helvetiis: why dative? W. 330; B. 187. II. a ; A. 227 ; H. 426. 4. N. 13. odisse: defective verb, lacking present, imperfect, and future tenses. Perfect serves as present, etc.

suo nomine: cf. same, page 216, line 20; a mercantile phrase; on his own account, ablative of cause.

15. Diviciacus: he was a Druid (see Introduction, page lxiv), and had been in Rome in 63 B. C., the year of Cicero's consulship and Caesar's praetorship, to get aid for the Haedui against the German king Ariovistus (Cic. De Div. I. xli. 90).

16. Si quid accidat: if anything should happen; we have the same euphemism in English, meaning "anything unlucky" or "disastrous." In direct discourse accidat would be accidet.

17. per: by means of, by the help of.