regni obtinendi: connect with spem; W. 640; B. 338. I. a; 339. I; A. 298; H. 626. This is an objective genitive.

18. imperio: under the rule; ablative of time and cause.

19. desperare: this is the last word in the indirect quotation. 20. quod proelium, etc. in regard to the defeat of the cavalry which had taken place, etc.; W. 549; B. 299; A. 333; H. 588. II. 3. N.

23. auxilio Caesari: dative of "tendency" and dative of person affected; W. 342, 345; B. 191. 2. b; A. 233. a; H. 433.

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26. Quibus: translate by a demonstrative pronoun.

27. accederent: = adderentur; why subjunctive? W. 536, 542; B. 288. 1. B, 286. 2; A. 325, 326; H. 598, 600. II.

quod . . . traduxisset: this and the three following quod-clauses are substantive clauses in apposition with res; their verbs are in the subjunctive because of their dependence on accederent; W. 620; B..324; A. 342; H. 652.

eos: Sequanos et Helvetios.

dandos curasset: had caused

. .

to be given; cf. faciendum curat,

page 9, line 10; W. 644. 2; B. 337. 7. b) 2); A. 294. d; H. 622.

29. non modo . . . civitatis: not only without his own (Caesar's) bidding or that of the (Haeduan) state, etc.; W. 103. 1; 384; B. 57. I; 219. 2; A. 71. b; 245; H. 143. I; 475. 3.

30. ipsis: sc. Caesare et Haeduis. magistratu: Lisco.

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I. causae: partitive genitive with satis. arbitrabatur: sc. Caesar.

2. animadverteret: cf. note on timeret, page 10, line 7; subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic, though it would be subjunctive also because in a dependent clause of indirect discourse depending on arbitrabatur; W. 587, 605; B. 283. 1; 314. 1; A. 320, 336. 2; H. 591. 4; 643, 652.

4. rebus: why dative? W. 330; B. 187. II. a; A. 227; H. 426. 1. unum: one consideration.

7. cognoverat: he was acquainted with; cognosco means "I am learning"; cognovi, "I have learned," "I know." Notice the omission of con

junctions in this sentence.

ne: that, with a verb of fearing; W. 516; B. 296. 2; A. 331. ƒ; H. 567. I.

eius: Dumnorigis.

supplicio: punishment, especially execution.

8. prius quam: translate as one word.

9. conaretur: why subjunctive? W. 534; B. 291, 292. 1. a; A. 327; H. 605; imperfect after the historical present iubet.

10. cotidianis: ordinary; lit. “every-day.”

11. principem: a leading man.

12. cui: in whom; dative of reference. omnium rerum: about everything.

...

16. ut . . . statuat . . . iubeat: substantive clauses of purpose; W. 511, 512; B. 295; A. 331; H. 565.

eius: i. e. Diviciaci, limits animi, "feelings"; animi is objective genitive with offensione, “wounding.”

17. ipse: sc. Caesar.

causa cognita: after hearing his case.

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19. complexus: translate by present active participle.

20. gravius: too severe; agrees with quid; W. 414. 2; B. 240. 1 ; A. 93. a; H. 498.

21. Scire se, etc.: sc. dixit; indirect discourse to averterentur, page 15, line 1. This passage is given in direct form in Allen and Greenough's Caesar.

nec quemquam: and that no one.

ex eo: neuter, from that fact.

22. ipse: Diviciacus; per se, line 24, suam, sese, line 26, ipse, line 29, sua, line 30, and se, page 15, line 1, also refer to Diviciacus.

23. gratia: why ablative? W. 386; B. 218; A. 248. c. I; H. 476. domi among the Haedui.

24. per se: by his (Diviciacus's) help.

crevisset from cresco; connect with propterea quod; the subject is Dumnorix understood.

25. opibus ac nervis: influence and power; ablative with uteretur ; W. 387; B. 218. 1; A. 249; H. 477.

26. uteretur: subordinate verb in indirect discourse.

28. Quod si: But if, Now if.

quid euphemistic like incommodi, page 9, line 21; and si quid accidat, page 13, line 16.

ei: sc. Dumnorigi.

accidisset represents the future perfect indicative of direct discourse. 30. non . . . factum (esse): that it had not been done; object of existimaturum.

...

voluntate causal ablative.

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1. futurum (esse) uti, etc.: the result would be that, etc., it would come to pass that, etc.; the usual periphrasis for the future passive infinitive; W. 636; B. 270. 3. a; page 57, foot-note 3; A. 147. c. 3; 288. ƒ; H. 619. 2; 571. I.

3. peteret: W. 536; B. 288. 1. B; A. 325; H. 600.

4. consolatus: remember that this verb is deponent; translate as if it were a present participle.

:

5. faciat subjunctive in a substantive clause of purpose, without ut, the object or complement of rogat; W. 511, 512; B. 295. 8; A. 331. ƒ.

tanti genitive of price; W. 361; B. 203. 3; A. 252. a; H. 448. 1. eius: i. e. Diviciaci.

apud se: i. e. Caesarem.

6. rei publicae: objective genitive with injuriam.

voluntati, etc. in deference to his wish he (Caesar) pardons, etc., lit. "makes a present to his wish," etc.

8, 9. reprehendat, intellegat, queratur: subjunctives of indirect question; W. 590; B. 300. 1; A. 210. 2; 338; H. 649. II.

10. ut... vitet: an object clause of purpose, complementary to monet; W. 511, 512; B. 295. I; A. 331; H. 565.

II. praeterita: neuter plural, = res praeteritas.

Diviciaco: for the sake of Diviciacus.

12. agat... loquatur: subjunctives of indirect question.

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14. hostes: the Helvetians were in the valley of the Liger (Loire), S. E. of Bibracte.

16. qualis esset: indirect question.

in circuitu: if one went around, i. e. ascended from the other side; or at different points all around.

17. cognoscerent: subjunctive in relative clause of purpose.

misit: sc. exploratores or the like.

18. esse sc. ascensum.

De tertia vigilia: see Introduction, page lii, and note on same

words, page 8, line 22.

T. Labienum: see page 7, line 14, and note.

legatum pro praetore: lieutenant with pretorian power; see Introduction, page x1; Labienus was really second in command and had this special title, i. e. he had an independent imperium of his own; the other lieutenants were probably simply legati whose authority was not independent, but only delegated to them by the commander-in-chief. A propraetor would rank above them in that case, and also above the quaestor.

19. cum . . . eis ducibus: with those men as guides, referring to the scouts of the preceding day.

21. consilii partitive genitive.

de quarta vigilia: not far from 2 A. M., for sunrise is about 4 A. M. in June in that latitude.

22. itinere: W. 386; B. 218. 9; A. 258. g; H. 476.

24. rei militaris: warfare; objective genitive after an adjective of skill; W. 352; B. 204. I; A. 218. a; H. 451. I.

25. L. Sullae... M. Crassi: Sulla had carried on the war against Mithradates, king of Pontus, 88-84 B. C., and Crassus the war against Spartacus and his gladiators in 71 B. C.

in sc. exercitu.

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27. summus: the top of, etc.; W. 416; B. 241. 1; A. 193; H. 498. I.

teneretur: why subjunctive? W. 536, 542; B. 288. 1. B; 286. 2; A. 323, 326; H. 598, 600. II.

28. ipse Caesar.

29. passibus: ablative of distance or degree of difference; W. 393 ; B. 223; A. 250; H. 479. 3.

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1. cognitus esset: connect with cum, page 15, line 27.

2. equo admisso: (riding) at full speed.

3. voluerit: subjunctive in subordinate clause of indirect discourse, depending on dicit.

4. insignibus: here a noun; it refers to devices on shields, crests of helmets, etc., as well as to standards.

6. ducit. . . instruit: historical presents; W. 447 (1); B. 259. 3; A. 276. d; H. 532. 3.

7. ne... committeret: substantive clause, subject of erat praeceptum; W. 511, 512; B. 295. 1; A. 331. h; H. 564. II.

ipsius: Caesaris.

8. visae essent: indirect discourse for the future perfect indicative; Caesar's order in direct form was ne . . . committas, nisi . . . visae erunt. 9. monte occupato: ablative absolute.

10. proelio ablative of separation; W. 376; B. 214. 2; A. 243. b ; H. 461.

Multo denique die : not till late in the day.

13. pro viso: viso is used substantively; as (a thing) seen, i. e. as if he had seen it.

14. quo... intervallo: five or six miles, as appears from page II, line 14. Why ablative? W. 390; B. 220. I; A. 248; H. 473. 3. consuerat: sc. sequi.

15. milia: accusative of extent of space.

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17. diei: W. 348, 720; B. 201. 3. a; A. 214. g; H. 446. 5.
18. cum before, or within which, i. e. (before the time) when.
metiri sc. Caesarem as subject; see note on page 11, line 26.
oporteret subjunctive in a clause of characteristic.

:

19. Bibracte: identified with Mont Beuvray, twelve miles west of Autun; for the declension see B. 39. 2; A. 57. d; H. 103. 2.

20. milibus passuum xviii: see note on milia passuum, page 2, line 26; milibus here is ablative of distance or degree of difference with aberat, its case not being affected by amplius.

21. rei: dative; W. 332; B. 187. III; A. 228; H. 426. 4. N. prospiciendum: sc. esse: impersonal passive.

22. avertit: toward the north.

Bibracte accusative, limit of motion; W. 325. 2; B. 182; A. 258. b'; H. 418.

23. fugitivos: runaway slaves; ordinary deserters are transfugae. decurionis leader of a decuria of cavalry; see Introduction, page

xxxviii.

25. existimarent, confiderent (line 28); subjunctive because the reasons are not known to Caesar, but only conjectured; W. 545; B. 286. I; A. 321; H. 588. II.

eo magis: all the more; eo is causal, and is explained by the clause quod. . . commisissent.

26. superioribus... occupatis: concessive ablative absolute; though they had taken possession, etc.; W. 397, 399; B. 227. 2. c); A. 255. d. 3; H. 489. I.

27. commisissent: subjunctive because subordinate to existimarent; W. 620; B. 324; A. 342; H. 652.

29. itinere converso: reversing the direction of their march.