a novissimo agmine: from the rear; see Introduction, page xlvii and page II, line 2, and note.

1. animum advertit: a compound, often written as one word, animadvertit; in either case it takes a direct object, in this case id.

2. collem: probably the hill of Armecy, just south of Montmort. Excavations here in 1886 revealed the remains of an ancient entrenchment, and in 1889 nine trenches were found, filled with ashes, charcoal, and human bones. The distance from Mont Beuvray suits what Caesar says of his distance from Bibracte on the morning of the battle, at the beginning of the last chapter.

sustineret subjunctive in a relative clause of purpose; W. 586. 1 ; B. 282. 2; A. 317. 2; H. 590.

3. in colle medio: half-way up the hill; W. 416; B. 241. 1; A. 193 ; H. 497.4.

4. triplicem aciem: for explanation see Introduction, page xlii. Each legion was in three lines, and the four legions side by side.

legionum genitive of definition or material; W. 348; B. 197; A. 214. e; H. 440. 4.

5. summo at the top of; used like medio, line 4.

duas legiones: the new legions raised that year, the 11th and 12th (page 7, line 16), which were not yet steady enough to be trusted in battle. 7. auxilia: non-Roman troops, light infantry, see Introduction, page xxxviii.

8. sarcinas: packs or knapsacks; see Introduction, page xlvi.

9. superiore acie: i. e. the two legions on the hill.

10. muniri: see entrenchments on plan opposite page 17.

cum . . . carris: like the Germans, they used to go to war with their families and goods in wagons. Their women encouraged them to fight, and the wagons formed a rude defense for their camps.

12. confertissima acie: ablative absolute or, perhaps, ablative of

manner.

phalange on the Gallic manner of fighting see Introduction, page

lxvii.

reiecto... equitatu: cavalry was no match for considerable bodies of infantry, and was not expected to do much of the actual fighting in a pitched battle.

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14. suo sc. equo remoto; officers often dismounted before battle; cf. Sall. Cat. 59.

omnium; the officers, not the cavalry.

17. e loco superiore: this was a great advantage in throwing their spears and then in charging.

pilis: the pilum and the method of using it are described in the Introduction, page xxxv.

18. in eos: sc. hostes or Helvetios.

19. Gallis. impedimento: the Gauls were greatly hindered in fighting; two datives, one of reference, one of tendency; W. 342, 345; B. 191. 2. a; A. 233. a; H. 433.

20. pluribus . . . scutis. . . transfixis, etc.: they stood in so close order that their shields overlapped; hence the long iron point of a pilum could pierce several shields at once.

21. ferrum: the iron point.

inflexisset: when is the subjunctive used with cum? W. 536, 542 ; B. 286. 2; 288. B; A. 325, 326; H. 600. II, 598.

22. sinistra: sc. manu; the shield was carried on the left arm. 23. multi ut transposed in order to emphasize multi.

iactato bracchio : i. e. in trying to shake the spear point out of the shield.

praeoptarent: subjunctive of result.

24. nudo: unprotected.

26. pedem referre: to retreat.

27. mons: see plan opposite page 17.

2. ab latere aperto; on the exposed (left) flank. This phrase often means the right side in contrast to the left, which the shield protected. circumvenire: sc. coeperunt, from below.

5. conversa... intulerunt faced about and advanced in two directions; it is often best to translate a participle by an independent verb; i. e. the first and second lines facing forward, the third line wheeling to oppose the Boii and Tulingi (venientes).

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8. ancipiti: literally, "facing both ways"; figuratively, uncertain. The latter is meant here.

pugnatum est: impersonal; the fight went on; W. 442. 4; B. 138. IV; A. 146. d; H. 302. 6.

9. possent: sc. hostes.

IO. alteri

alteri: Helvetii. . . Boi et Tulingi.

II. Nam, etc.: i. e. (They did not run away, but retired in good order) for, etc.

12. proelio: ablative of time; W. 4c6; B. 230. 1 ; A. 256, 259. a; H. 486. I.

cum: although; W. 571; B. 309. 3; A. 326; H. 598.

hora septima: a little after 1 P. M. at this season of the year; see Introduction, page lii, foot-note.

13. aversum hostem: the back of an enemy.

Ad multam noctém: till late at night; cf. multo die, page 16, line 10. 15. pro vallo: as a barricade.

e loco superiore: i. e. from the top of their barricade.

16. coiciebant: hurled (from above).

17. mataras: Gallic spears.

tragulas: heavy javelins hurled by means of a thong or strap. subiciebant: threw from below.

19. impedimentis castrisque: ablative with potiti sunt; W. 387; B. 218. I; A. 249; H. 477.

20. e filiis usual equivalent of the partitive genitive used with numerals; of his sons.

captus est: singular agreeing with the nearest subject; W. 298; B. 255. 2; A. 205. d; H. 392.

22. nocte time how long is sometimes expressed by the ablative; B. 231. I; A. 256. b; H. 417. 2.

23. in fines Lingonum: the southern part of Champagne, sixty or seventy miles north of Bibracte. The chief town is Langres. Napoleon III (Jules César) puts the end of their flight at Tonnerre, sixty miles west of Langres.

24. cum

causal.

27. Lingonas: accusative plural of third declension in -as, like Allobrogas, page 10, line 11. See note there.

ne ... iuvarent: W. 599; B. 316; A. 339; H. 642.

28. qui si if they, i. e. the Lingones.

iuvissent direct discourse would be iuveritis, future perfect. W. 615, 616; B. 319. B. a; A. 337. I, 3; H. 644. 2.

se (cos) eodem loco . . . habiturum (esse): that he would treat them in the same way; direct discourse would be vos habebo.

triduo intermisso: after an interval of three days.

30. eos: Helvetios,

2. Qui cum: And when they; W. 304. 2; B. 251. 6; A. 201. e; H. 510.

3. convenissent: transitive; had met.

ad pedes at his (Caesar's) feet.

4. eos: i. e. Helvetios, subject of exspectare depending on iussisset. 5. essent subjunctive because subordinate to exspectare; W. 620; B. 324.1; A. 342; H. 652.

7. perfugissent: subjunctive, because indirectly quoting Caesar's perfugerant; W. 605; B. 323; A. 341; H. 649. I.

Dum. . . conquiruntur; dum, meaning while, regularly takes the present indicative even when referring to past time; W. 533; B. 293. I; Translate as if it were imperfect.

A. 276. e; H. 533. 4; 604. I.

8. ea neuter plural, referring to obsides, arma, servos, regarded as so many things; W. 295. 2; B. 235. B. 2. b) ß); A. 187. 2. b; H. 395. 2; 398.

9. pagi: pagus is explained in note to page 8, line 28.

Verbigenus: between the modern Bern and Lucerne.

10. perterriti agrees in case with milia, but in gender with hominum, of whom the milia consisted; W. 294. 2; B. 235. B. 2. c); A. 187. d; H. 389. 2.

ne: that or lest after a verb of fearing; W. 516; B. 296. 2; A. 331. ƒ; H. 567. I.

12. occultari: i. e. from Caesar.

13. ignorari: i. e. by any one.

existimarent: subjunctive as expressing the supposed reason in the minds of the Helvetians.

prima nocte: early in the evening; W. 416; B. 241. 1; A. 193; H. 498. I.

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16. Quod notice how the Latin uses a relative pronoun at the beginning of a sentence where the English uses a personal or demonstrative; see note to Qui, line 2.

quorum: the antecedent is his.

17. his: antecedent of quorum, and indirect object of imperavit.

uti conquirerent . . . reducerent: sc. Helvetios; these clauses are direct objects of imperavit; W. 512; B. 295. 1; A. 331; H. 565. His command in direct form was Conquirite reducite, si mihi purgati esse

vultis.

sibi: dative of reference; W. 335; B. 188. I; A. 235; H. 425. 4.

purgati: participle used as a predicate adjective, like divisa, page 1, line I.

18. in. . . habuit: he treated as enemies; euphemistic; the meaning is that he put them to death.

19. in deditionem accepit: the rest he allowed to surrender; they became formally subjects of the Roman republic, and so entitled to Caesar's protection as well as bound to obedience.

21. unde e quibus.

iussit cf. this verb with dependent infinitive, and imperavit, line 23, with its dependent ut. . . facerent.

22. quo... tolerarent: a clause of purpose; W. 507; B. 282. 2; A. 317; H. 590.

23. ut... copiam facerent: to furnish; the clause is the direct object of imperavit.

24. ipsos: sc. Helvetios, etc.

oppida, etc. cf. page 4, lines 10-12.

26. ea maxime ratione: chiefly for this reason.

27. ne... Germani. . . transirent: a negative clause of purpose. The sadly diminished Helvetians, however, could scarcely keep out the Germans. They sent only 8,000 men to the relief of Alesia, Bk. VII, ch. 75.

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1. Allobrogibus: the Allobroges were inside the Province; the addition is only by way of explanation.

Boios: object of conlocarent, line 3.

petentibus Haeduis: dative with concessit.

2. erant cogniti: sc. Boi. The Haedui gave them land between the Liger (Loire) and the Elaver (Allier). They were anxious for help against their neighbors and rivals, the Sequani.

3. illi: Haedui.

5. atque as; B. 341. I. c); A. 156. a; H. 508. 5.

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6. tabulae lists, lit. "tablets"; thin boards coated with wax, on which they wrote with a sharp iron instrument called a stilus.

litteris Graecis: in Greek characters, not in the Greek language. Having no alphabet, the Gauls borrowed from the Greeks at Massilia (Marseilles). A similar use of Greek letters occurs at page 133, line 14, and page 150, line 22.

8. tabulis repeated antecedent, not to be translated; W. 303. 2; B. 251. 3; A. 200; H. 399.

ratio: an account.