CHAPTER 15 26. honoris . . . causa: out of respect for. Diviciaci. . . Haeduorum: objective genitives limiting honoris ; W. 351; B. 200; A. 217; H. 440. 2; causa: W. 349; B. 219; A. 245; H. 475. 2. It is almost equivalent to a preposition with the genitive case, standing after its noun. 27. recepturum . . ... conservaturum: sc. esse, which is usually omitted with the future infinitive. Caesar's actual words were recipiam conservabo. 28. quod erat: indicative, giving a real reason. civitas: i. e. Bellovacorum. ... magna auctoritate: ablative of quality; W. 394; B. 224; A. 251; H. 473. 2. 29. multitudine: ablative of specification. DC: sexcentos; an unusually large number of hostages. I. oppido: Bratuspantium. PAGE 50 4. Nervii: the fiercest of the Belgian tribes. 5. reperiebat: see note on adferebantur, page 41, line 3. Nullum, etc. indirect discourse from here to the end of the chapter. Direct discourse would begin : Nullus est aditus, etc.; W. 597, 598; B. 331. I; A. 336; H. 641, 642, 643. 6. mercatoribus: dative of possessor; W. 340; B. 190; A. 231; H. 430. ... nihil . . . vini: vini is partitive genitive; we should say no wine; nihil is the object of inferri. ... pati sc. eos, i. e. Nervios, as subject; its object is the clause nihil inferri. 8. quod existimarent: because (as it was said) they thought; ... W. 605; B. 314. I; 267. I, 2; A. 321; H. 588. II. 1. relanguescere : verbs ending in -sco are called inceptives; W. 273. I; B. 155. I; A. 167. a; H. 277. 9. magnae virtutis :- genitive of quality, coördinate with the qualifying adjective feros, connected with it by -que. II. qui . . . dedissent proiecissent: these relative clauses are not independent statements of fact, but integral parts of the indirect discourse; W. 605; B. 314. 1; A. 336. 2; H. 643. Probably these verbs would be subjunctives even in direct discourse, as embodying a reason in the mind of the accusers of the rest of the Belgae; W. 586. 4; B. 283. 3. a; A. 320. e; 341. d; H. 592. patriam adjective agreeing with virtutem. CHAPTER 16 14. eorum: Nerviorum. triduum accusative of duration. iter: trace the route on map opposite page 81. fecisset subjunctive with cum temporal; W. 536; B. 288. I. B; A. 325; H. 600. 15. Sabim: now the Sambre, which flows northeast into the Meuse or Maas; as to the ending of the accusative, W. 82; B. 37; A. 56. a. 1 ; H. 102. 2. 18. Atrebatibus et Viromanduis: smaller tribes adjoining the Nervii. 19. his dative with persuaserant; W. 330; B. 187. II. a; A. 227; H. 426. 2. 20. uti ... experirentur: substantive clause, direct object of per suaserant; W. 512. 1; B. 295. I; A. 331; H. 565. 21. mulieres: direct object of coniecisse, line 23. 22. quique: not plural of quisque, but = et (eos) qui. per aetatem on account of their age, i. e. too young or too old. 23. coniecisse: sc. Nervios as subject. quo: in or ad quem. exercitui: dative of possessor, like mercatoribus, line 6. CHAPTER 17 26. qui . . . deligant: relative clause of purpose; W. 586. 1; B. 282. 2; A. 317. 2; H. 590. About the Roman camps, see Introduction, pages xlviii-lii. ex... Gallis: when is ex with the ablative used rather than the partitive genitive ? 27. dediticiis Belgis: viz. the Suessiones, the Bellovaci, and the Ambiani. 2. inter singulas legiones: between each legion and the next one. 3. numerum: quantity. 4. neque... negoti: and that it was no trouble. In Latin the negative goes with the connecting word, and we find neque. . . quicquam rather than et . . . nihil. 5. in castra of course this camp had to be constructed after the arrival of the troops. venisset . . . abessent: future conditions thrown into the past in indirect discourse after demonstrarunt; in direct form, venerit aberunt. . direptis: ablatives absolute, equivalent to conditional 7. futurum (esse): object of demonstrarunt, like numerum intercedere and esse quicquam; the subject of futurum (esse) is the following clause : ut... auderet. Futurum esse ut . . . auderent is a roundabout way of saying ausuros esse; this is the conclusion of the condition implied in the ablative absolute. 9. Adiuvabat: the object is consilium; the subject, the clause quod effecerant. Adjuvabat occupies the position of emphasis. Translate : What supported the advice of those, etc. . . . was the fact that, etc. 10. cum... possent: causal; W. 542; B. 286. 2; A. 326; H. 598. nihil: adverbial accusative; so is quicquid, line 12; W. 316; B. 176. 2. b); A. 240. b; H. 416. 2. ... II. neque enim: and (that is natural) for not, or and in fact not. ... ei rei: this branch (of their army), i. e. the cavalry; dative with student; W. 330; B. 187. II; A. 227; H. 426. 1. impedirent: when is quo used to introduce a purpose 14. teneris arboris : young trees partly cut through (incisis) were bent down (inflexis); then their branches continued to grow, making an impenetrable hedge. 15. in latitudinem: sideways. enatis i. e. along the now horizontal trunk. Thorn-bushes were planted in the intervals (interiectis) between the trees. Such hedges are said to be still common in this region, and traces of similar ones are found in England, which are centuries old. They made an effective protection for farms against cavalry raids. 16. ut... praeberent clause of result, object of effecerant. : instar muri: like a wall; W. 347; B. 198. 2; A. 223. e; H. 446. 4. 17. quo: into which. 18. posset: subjunctive by attraction to mood of praeberent, or because it is the verb of a characteristic clause describing munimentum ; equivalent to impenetrable to an enemy's entrance or even to his sight. 19. omittendum: sc. esse. 20. sibi so-called dative of agent; W. 339; B. 189. 1 ; A. 232; H. 431. CHAPTER 18 21. haec the following; as follows; B. 246. 2; A. 102. ƒ; H. 507. See plan, opposite page 51. locum the antecedent of a relative pronoun is often repeated in Caesar; W. 303. 2; B. 251. 3. A. 200. a; H. 399. I. castris we find the dative of purpose of concrete nouns in a few military expressions; W. 343; B. 191. 1; A. 233. b; H. 425. 3. 22. Collis: see plan. aequaliter declivis: sloping evenly down. 23. supra: page 50, line 15. vergebat: the imperfect is the proper tense for description. 24. nascebatur: rose. 25. infimus at the bottom; opposed to ab superiore parte; W. 416; B. 241. I; A. 193, 260. b; H. 497. 4. 28. in aperto loco: notice on the plan where the woods were. 30. pedum. . . trium: genitive of measure; W. 354; B. 203. 2; A. 215. b; H. 440. 3. 2. copiis ablative of accompaniment; W. 392; B. 222. 1; A. 248. a. N; H. 474. 2. N. I. ratio ordoque: the two words embodying a single idea take a singular verb; W. 298. 1; B. 255. 3; A. 205. b; H. 392. 4. aliter... ac otherwise than; B. 341. 1. c); A. 156. a; H. 516. 3. se habebat: was or were. 4. consuetudine according to his habit; W. 391; B. 220. 3; A. 245 ; H. 475. 3. 5. expeditas ducebat: on the order of march see Introduction, page xlvii. 6. conlocarat: for conlocaverat; W. 189; B. 116; A. 128. a. 1; H. 238. duae legiones: the 13th and 14th; see page 41, line 18, and note. 7. praesidio impedimentis: two datives; W. 342, 345; B. 191. 2. a; A. 233. a; H. 433. Cf. subsidio oppidanis, page 45, line 9 ; nobis usui, page 46, line 24. 10. identidem: repeatedly. 13. quem ad finem : A. 200. b; H. 399. 3. = ad eum finem ad quem; W. 303. 3; B. 251. 4; porrecta. . . pertinebant: extended; translate the two words by one. cedentes: i. e. Nervios; no pronoun is needed in Latin in such cases, because of the inflection of the participle. 15. opere: i. e. the entrenchments of the camp. dimenso staked out; lit. "measured off"; passive meaning, though a deponent verb; B. 112. b; A. 135. b. 17. visa sunt: a true passive, was seen, not “ seemed." quod tempus. . . convenerat: which had been agreed on as the time, or, the moment which had been agreed on. Tempus is a sort of appositive to the clause ubi . . . visa sunt. 18. eos: Nervios. ut: as, just as; notice that constituerant is indicative. CHAPTER 20 27. Caesari: dative of agent; translate as nominative: Caesar had to do, etc. vexillum: see Introduction, page xlv. 28. proponendum : sc. erat or erant with each of the gerundives in this sentence. 29. signum tuba: this was the signal to fall into rank, in line of battle; see Introduction, page xlv. Tuba is ablative of instrument. opere: referring to the last sentence of the last chapter. PAGE 53 I. qui: sc. ei as antecedent and subject of arcessendi (erant). aggeris: material, to strengthen the rampart of the camp, e. g. sods and stakes, see Introduction, page xlviii. 2. arcessendi: those who were beyond hearing distance had to be fetched by messengers. cohortandi: even when the verb is deponent, the gerundive is passive. 3. signum: i. e. proeli committendi, given by a blast of trumpets and horns. 7. quid. . . oporteret: indirect question. 9. singulis legionibus: from their respective legions. singulos legatos: the several lieutenants; or put the nouns in the singular and say each lieutenant, and from his respective legion. 10. nisi munitis castris: until after the camp had been fortified; ablative absolute. |