28. X: decimam.

29. Qui: referring to milites, implied in legionem, line 28.

30. quo... esset: how matters stood.

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I. versaretur: were involved; it agrees with the nearest of the several subjects; W. 298. 1; B. 255. 2; A. 205. d; H. 392.

nihil... fecerunt: came up as fast as they could, lit. left nothing undone for speed.

2. reliqui partitive genitive with nihil.

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4. etiam (ei) qui: even such as.

procubuissent: subjunctive in a clause of characteristic; W. 587 ; B. 283. 2; A. 320; H. 591. I.

5. scutis: ablative with innixi; W. 389; B. 218. 3; A. 254. b; H. 476. 3; innitor is used also with the dative and with in and the accusative. calones nominative; hostes (line 6): accusative.

6. inermes: agrees with calones.

inermes armatis: Latin often puts close together words that are related in etymology; B. 350. 10.

9. praeferrent: tried to show themselves superior; third verb of the clause of result introduced by the ut in line 4; ut

a clause of purpose.

delerent, line 7, is

At: marks the transition from the Romans to the enemy.

in extrema spe: in utter despair; lit.,

10. primi: the foremost.

"at the end of hope."

II. iacentibus: the fallen; dative with insisterent.

12. his refers to proximi.

13. qui superessent: the survivors.

ut as if; connect with ex tumulo.

14. coicerent . . . remitterent: sc. ut; subjunctives of result, coordinate with insisterent and pugnarent.

ut non, etc. a clause of result depending on the statements.of the preceding sentence; translate in the order: ut iudicari deberet homines tantae virtutis non nequiquam, etc.

17. quae: actions which.

facilia...

redegerat had rendered easy; how are facilis and difficilis compared? W. 123; B. 71. 4; A. 89. b; H. 152. 3.

This was the most desperate and sudden of all Caesar's battles. His army was saved from destruction only by the steadiness of perfect discipline and the presence of a great commander.

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19. ad internecionem . . . redacto: not precise, for three years later the Nervii were persuaded to revolt (Bk. V, ch. 38), and five years later they were able to send 6,000 men to serve in the Gallic war of independence (Bk. VII, ch. 75).

21. pueris: children.

aestuaria: tidal rivers and inlets.

22. dixeramus: page 50, lines 21-24.

23. impeditum . . . tutum: sc. esse; depending on arbitrarentur. 27. vix ad D: to barely five hundred.

possent subjunctive, because it is in a subordinate clause of the indirect quotation depending on dixerunt, line 28; W. 605; B. 314. 1 ; A. 336. 2; H. 649. I. But this might be a subjunctive of characteristic in direct quotation.

28. Quos: and these.

29. usus (esse): usus is attracted into the nominative, the case of the subject of videretur; W. 631. 3; B. 328. 2; A. 330. b. 1; H. 611. 1; 612. I.

misericordia: Caesar's dealings with barbarians were in ordinary cases comparatively merciful, judged by the standard of his time and nation. It is not fair to judge by modern standards.

4. Atuatuci: see map, opposite page 81. supra: page 50, lines 20, 21.

5. auxilio Nerviis: W. 342, 345; B. 191. 2. b); A. 233. a; H. 433. venirent: were on the way.

7. oppidum: a fortified stronghold, possibly what is now the citadel of Namur at the junction of the Sambre and Meuse or Maas, more probably at Mont Falhize, on the Meuse, a few miles below Namur, but not to be certainly identified with any modern site.

8. Quod cum: and while this.

9. partibus: sides.

10. in latitudinem: in breadth.

II. pedum CC: genitive of measure; connect with aditus.

13. praeacutas: with pointed ends.

in muro: on, not in, the wall; the beams and stones were intended

for missiles to be thrown down upon their assailants.

ex Cimbris Teutonisque: ablative of source; W. 378; B. 215; A.

244. a. R; H. 467; see page 29, line 12, and note.

15. impedimentis: flocks and herds as well as goods.

16. agere referring to cattle; portare: referring to inanimate property.

17. custodiam: = custodes.

praesidium: a garrison.

18. vi milia hominum: this was originally a Teutonic military colony, which was afterward adopted into the nation of the Atuatuci.

Hi: the 6,000; eorum: the main body of Cimbri and Teutoni.

19. obitum: destruction; i. e. in the battles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae in 102 and 101 B. C.

alias . . . alias: adverbs.

20. inlatum (bellum) defenderent: defended themselves against in

vasion.

21. hunc . . . locum: land between the Maas and the Scheldt.

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23. primo adventu: ablative of time.

25. pedum xii: i. e. in height.

26. xv milium: the number seems far too large. Probably it has been wrongly copied in the MSS.

27. oppido: ablative of place and means; B. 218. 7; A. 258. ƒ; H. 485; cf. castris continuit, page 47, line 26, and note.

...

vineis . . . aggere. turrim: see Introduction, pages lviii, lii, liii, liv, and lv.

28. procul: the tower, built out of range of the enemy's shots, was afterward advanced on rollers close to the city wall (turris ambulatoria). inridere. . . increpitare: historical infinitives; W. 631. 1; B. 335; A. 275; H. 610.

29. quod . . . institueretur: the cause is represented by the subjunctive not as a fact, but as the reason in the minds of the townspeople; W. 545; B. 323; A. 321, 341. d; H. 588. II.

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I. a tanto spatio: so far off, at so great a distance; a is an adverb here; spatio, ablative of degree of difference.

Quibusnam: the enclitic -nam gives a sarcastic emphasis to the interrogative pronoun.

contemptui: W. 342, 345; B. 191. 2. a); A. 233. a;

6. confiderent: a question put into indirect discourse, if a real one expecting an answer, takes its verb in the subjunctive; W. 590; B. 315; A. 338; H. 642. 2, 3.

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7. moveri sc. turrim; that it was actually moving.

9. locuti: speaking; agreeing with qui, the subject of dixerunt, line 13.

10. Non connect with sine in translating.

non se existimare . . . possent: indirect quotation, object of locuti. 12. se suaque: objects of permittere; the subject of permittere is se, line 10. Se . . . permittere, indirect quotation, object of dixerunt, line 13. So is the remainder of the chapter.

...

13. Unum: one thing only, explained by the clause ne despoliaret.

...

petere deprecari: depend on dixerunt. 14. si ..

statuisset: direct discourse would be si pro sua, etc. in accordance with his usual, etc. quam

audirent: which they were (always) hearing of. 16. Sibi: dative with inimicos; W. 333; B. 192. I; A. 234; H. 434. 2.

17. virtuti: dative with invidere; W. 332; B. 187. II. a; A. 227, H. 426. 2.

a: against.

18. traditis armis: if they should give up their arms; W. 397; B. 227. 2. b); A. 310. a; H. 489. I.

possent subjunctive in subordinate clause of indirect discourse; W. 605; B. 314. I; A. 336. 2; H. 643.

Sibi: dative of reference.

praestare: that it was better.

si . . . deducerentur: future condition put into indirect discourse, after historical perfect dixerunt; direct form: si deducemur.

19. quamvis . . . pati: to endure any treatment whatever; quamvis, accusative feminine of quivis. This clause is the subject of praestare. 21. consuessent: for consuevissent; W. 189; B. 116. 1; A. 128. a; H. 238.

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22. consuetudine sua: ablative of manner or cause; W. 391; B. 220. 3; A. 245; H. 475. 4.

23. merito ablative of cause.

conservaturum, si . . . dedidissent : in direct discourse: conservabo, si... dederitis; W. 613; B. 319. A., B. a; A. 337; H. 646.

24. aries: it was a practice of ancient conquerors to destroy cities which were not surrendered before the battering-ram touched the wall.

attigisset: attracted from the future perfect indicative of direct discourse; W. 605, 462; B. 291, 292, 314. 1; A. 327. a; H. 649. II; 543. 26. in: in the case of.

fecisset: W. 605; B. 314. 1; A. 336. 2; H. 643.

27. ne quam, etc. : substantive clause with a verb of commanding; W. 512; B. 295. I; A. 331; H. 565.

28. ad suos: used rather than suis, because the messengers had to go back and carry the message; ad suos is the limit of motion.

quae imperarentur facere dixerunt: said that they would do (at once) what was commanded; sc. eos or suos as subject of facere; imperarentur, subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect discourse; facere, present instead of future, because the idea is to do immediately; A. 276. c ; H. 618. I. The subject of dixerunt is the envoys (speaking on their return to Caesar after consulting their countrymen at home).

29. multitudine: connect with iacta; ablative absolute.

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2. summam muri, etc. it was the chasm between the town wall and the end of the embankment (agger) built by the besiegers which was filled up by the arms thrown into it.

5. pace sunt usi: they remained quiet.

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6. Sub: toward.

ex oppido exire: notice the repetition of ex.

7. quam: any; connect with iniuriam.

8. Illi: i. e. oppidani.

9. praesidia: guards, outposts, along the line of works. 10. denique: at least.

12. ex cortice... viminibus: ablatives of material; A. 244.c; H. 467.

13. pellibus: ablative of means, quae being the object of induxerant. 14. tertia vigilia: see Introduction, page lii.

qua: where.

17. Celeriter emphasized by its position. ignibus: by flaming torches.

18. eo: thither.

concursum est : impersonal passive; B. 138. IV ; A. 146. d; H. 302. 6. 19. ut a viris fortibus . . . pugnari debuit: as brave men were bound to fight.

20. in extrema spe: see page 57, line 9, and note.

iniquo loco ablative of place without a preposition; W. 402. (2); B. 228. 1. b); A. 258. ƒ; H. 485. 2.