Alternatives to Laboratory Animals: ATLA., Volume 27,Edizioni 4-6

3T3 cells 5-azacytidine activity alternative methods Alternatives to Animal animal experiments animal testing animal welfare antibodies Article 27 assessment ATLA Balb/c biological carcinogens cell culture cell lines cell transformation assay chemicals clinical co-cultures collagen compounds concentration cosmetic cytochrome P450 cytokines cytotoxicity detected DMSO drug ECVAM workshop effects embryos endpoints Environmental enzymes epidermal epithelial ethical European evaluation experimental exposure eye irritation function gene genotoxicity growth hepatocyte cultures hepatocytes human skin induced investigated Ispra Journal keratinocytes laboratory animals liver slices medium metabolism mice neutral red Pharmacology phototoxicity potential prediction prevalidation procedures protein protocol rat hepatocytes recommendations of ECVAM reduced refinement regulatory report and recommendations Research response rodent safety Sciences scientific skin irritation specific spheroplasts stratum corneum Study Director study plan techniques test system tion tissue toxicity testing Toxicology transgenic trial Type University vaccines validation study vitro model vitro tests vitro toxicology vivo xenobiotics µg/ml