Taxation. In addition to the regular tax (pópos), Athens claimed the right, in cases of emergency, to impose on some of the allies a further tribute (emipopa).1 Pericles claimed that Athens was entitled to spend the money as she pleased, and that the allies had no right whatever to question the mode of its appropriation, provided they were defended from the Persians, and were afforded the security purchased by such contributions.2 Sometimes a city was exempted from taxation for a certain period (as, for instance, Methone, in 428-7 B.C.),3 in which case it had to contribute only the άπaρxý, or anapɣaí (that is, the first-fruits, for sacrificial purposes), consisting of a sixtieth part of the amount of the ordinary tax. Just before the dissolution of the league, Athens substituted for the old tribute a five per cent. ad valorem duty (eikoσTý) on all exports and imports of the allies. The reason for this action was, according to Thucydides, the expectation of raising larger funds; but probably it was due to the irregularity of the ordinary payments, and the greater difficulty experienced in collecting them owing to the continuing defections. Considered merely as tithes to the gods, and not as tribute in the strict sense, a ram and two sheep had to be provided for the sacrifices at the Panathenaia by each Brea, an Athenian colony in Thrace in accordance with the έvyypapai, viz. the laws drawn up by special commissioners, and approved by the council and assembly. For a different opinion see Köhler, loc. cit. Pp. 125-6; Nöthe, op. cit. p. 6. 1 Corp. inscrip. Att. i. 240-244, 249, 252, 256. 2 Plut. Pericl. 12: ἐδίδασκεν οὖν ὁ Περικλῆς τὸν δῆμον, ὅτι χρημάτων μὲν οὐκ ὀφείλουσι τοῖς συμμάχοις λόγον προπολεμοῦντες αὐτῶν καὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους ἀνείργοντες, οὐχ ἵππον, οὐ ναῦν, οὐχ ὁπλίτην, ἀλλὰ χρήματα μόνον τελούντων.... 3 Corp. inscrip. Att. i. 40. 4 Ibid. i. 257 : αἶδε τῶ(ν) πόλεων αὐτὴν τὴν ἀπαρχὴν ἀπήγαγον. 5 Corp. inscrip. Graec. 538. Thuc. vii. 28: καὶ τὴν εἰκοστὴν ὑπὸ τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον [i.e. about 413-412 B.c.] τῶν κατὰ θάλασσαν ἀντὶ τοῦ φόρου τοῖς ὑπηκόοις ἐποίησαν, πλείω νομίζοντες ἂν σφίσι χρήματα οὕτω προσιέναι. of the allies and the cleruchs. They shared in the sacred rites and festivals, and so they were obliged to offer to the Eleusinian goddesses the same tribute of grain as the Athenians devoted.2 Athens assumed exclusive jurisdiction in material Jurisdiction. questions relating to federal institutions, and especially so in the case of offences against herself in her capacity as head of the league. Thus the Athenian tribunals regularly tried cases of treason, and of hostility on the part of the alleged States against Athens herself, as well as all serious offences against the federal government.* The Athenian courts served also as final courts of appeal in the case of criminal proceedings against the citizens of any allied State. As to other matters, it has already been stated, in considering the broader question of private international law in Greece, and the jurisdiction relating to foreigners, that with regard to the dikau ovuẞóλauai, that is, causes arising out of commercial agreements entered into between subjects of different countries, a special procedure obtained within the league; that probably such suits were heard by the tribunals of the city where the defendant was domiciled." Athenian The second Athenian league was established with the The second avowed object of resisting the aggression of Lacedaemon, league. and of ensuring the liberty and autonomy of the allies." 1 As to the allies, Corp. inscrip. Att. i. 9; i. 37; as to the cleruchs, i. 31. 2 Cf. Dittenberger, Sylloge inscrip. Graec. 13, for an act of the Ecclesia of 440 B.C.; cf. the passage: Tàs de Tóλes (éy)λ(o)yéas ἑλέσθαι τοῦ καρποῦ, καθότι ἂν δοκῆς αὐτῆσι ἄριστα ὁ καρπὸ(s) ἐγλεγήσεσθαι. 3 Aristoph. Wasps, 288 seq.; Peace, 639 seq. 4 Corp. inscrip. Att. i. 38. (But the fragments of this inscription are very much mutilated.) 5 See vol. i. pp. 198 seq. 6 Cf. G. Busolt, Der zweite athenische Bund (in Jahrbuch für classische Philologie, Suppl. vii. 1873-5, pp. 641-866). 7 For a decree, 377 B.C. (inscription on a stele), relating to the establishment of the second Athenian Confederacy, see Corp. inscrip. The various constituent States were to be free to adopt any form of government they pleased, and were not to be obliged to receive Athenian garrisons or accede to the intervention of Athenian officials in their civil administration.1 The Athenians and their allies engaged to come to the assistance of any confederate, against whom hostilities might be directed either by land or sea. A clause to this effect is invariably found in alliances of this nature, and in almost every case is couched in this stereotyped form : . . . βοηθεῖν Αθηναίους καὶ τοὺς συμμάχους By 387 B.C. Athens had already effected an alliance with Chios, Mytilene, Thasos, Tenedos, Cos, Carpathos, Chalcedon, Rhodes, and others. In view of the aggressions of the Spartans in Boeotia, their reduction of Mantinea, their interference in the Olynthian confederation, and their expedition against Thebes, the Athenians next allied themselves to the latter city, 378 B.C., and through the exertions of Chabrias, Timotheus, and Callistratus, the confederacy was so enlarged that by 357 B.c. it included over seventy members. But, as usual, harmony, stability, and unanimity of purpose were found impossible. Defections soon began to be as frequent as accessions had been before. Organizations quickly constructed and lacking a solid basis of union inevitably tended just as quickly to disintegrate. During the Social war (357 B.C.), the desertion of members continued; and after the battle of Chaeronea, with the consequent extinction of Greek liberty, the league was completely dissolved. Att. ii. 17, 11. 9 seq., 11. 46 seq.; Michel, 86; Hicks, 101; Rangabé, Antiq. hellen. 381, 381b.-Thus lines 9-11 of ii. 17 are as follows: ὅπως ἂν Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐῶσι τοὺς Ἕλλη νας ἐλευθέρους (καὶ) αὐτονόμους ἡσυχίαν ... ἄγειν. . . . 2 Hicks, 101, 11. 49-51. The official title of the second Athenian confederation Position of was οἱ 'Αθηναῖοι καὶ οἱ σύμμαχοι (the Athenians and the Athens and the allies). Athens assumed the general hegemony. She exercised supreme control over the military affairs, and acted as the representative of the entire league in relationships with foreign States. Each ally appointed a delegate to the Federal Council, which is frequently described as οἱ σύνεδροι τῶν συμμάχων (the commissioners of the allies). It sat at Athens, where, it would appear, the delegates had also permanent residences; whether these were assigned to them by the Athenian government or maintained by their respective States is not known. Each member possessed one vote,-a_provision which was a great improvement on the cumbrous machinery of the first confederacy. Probably there were no articles of federation in the strict sense of the term,* as is now understood in connection with a federal government, for the purpose of specifying the rights and obligations of the members; but, rather, Athens entered into separate treaties-of course, more or less to the same effect-with the several States." Originally it was understood that the allies' con- Contributions tribution was to be only in the form of military or of the allies. naval contingents, that their independence was to be 6 preserved, that Athens abandoned the policy of kλnpovxíai (that is, relinquished all claim to land acquired in allies' territory), that she should station no garrisons in their territory. But in actual practice military service was once more gradually replaced by money supplies-virtually taxes-which now, however, did not bear the detested name of pópos, but were termed 1 Cf. Corp. inscrip. Att. ii. 17, 19. 2 Diodor. xv. 28; Xenoph. De vectig. v. 6. 3 Corp. inscrip. Att. ii. 17; ll. 43-4.-Cf. Aeschin. c. Ctesiph. 74. 4 Corp. inscrip. Att. ii. 17; Hicks, 101. 5 Cf. Corp inscrip. Att. ii. 49, 109, 17b, 49b. 6 Corp. inscrip. Att. ii. 17, ll. 46 seq.; ii. 23. 7 Hicks, no. 101; Michel, 86; Rangabé, 381, 381 b. Federal procedure, etc. 1 syntaxis (ouvragis), a contribution, as devised by Calli- The Federal Council, consisting of representatives appointed by the allies, really represented the interests of the latter, on the one hand, in so far as their relationships to Athens were concerned, and, on the other, in matters concerning the policy and organization of the league as a whole. Though each State had one vote, yet it is scarcely to be imagined that Athens would tolerate or acquiesce in a majority of votes prevailing over her own counsels, especially so as the greater part of the votes represented small and comparatively unimportant communities. The council meeting in Athens would be constantly face to face with the local Ecclesia. The foreign deputies would undoubtedly be impressed by Athenian institutions and formal pro 1 Cf. Harpocration, s.v. ouvrages. 2 Gilbert, Gr. Alter. pp. 489-491; Eng. tr. p. 435 |