Passage of armed forces. Mutual provisioning. the territory of the Athenians, the Argives, Eleans, and Mantineans shall go to Athens and render the Athenians any assistance which they may demand of them, in the most effectual manner, and to the utmost of their power. And if the enemy spoil their territory and depart, the offending city shall be an enemy to Argos, Mantinea, Elis, and Athens, and suffer at the hands of all these cities; and it shall not be lawful for any of them to make peace with the offending city, unless they have the consent of all the rest. And if enemies shall invade the territory of the Eleans or Argives or Mantineans, the Athenians shall go to Argos, Mantinea, or Elis, and render these cities any assistance which they may demand of them, in the most effectual manner, and to the utmost of their power. If an enemy spoil their territory and depart, the offending city shall be an enemy to Athens, Argos, Mantinea, and Elis, and shall suffer at the hands of all these cities; and it shall not be lawful for any of them to make peace with the offending city, unless they have the consent of all the rest. (3) "The confederates shall not allow armed men to pass through their own territory, or that of the allies over whom they generally rule or may rule, or to pass by sea, with hostile intent, unless all the cities have formally consented to their passage-that is to say, Athens, Argos, Mantinea, and Elis. (4) The city which sends troops to help another shall supply them with provisions for thirty days, counting from the time of their arrival at the city which summons them; it shall also provide for them at their departure. But if the city which summons the troops wishes to employ them for a longer (5) The city which sent for the troops (6) "The Athenians shall swear to the peace on their own behalf and on that of their allies; the Argives, Mantineans, and Eleans, and their allies shall swear city by city. The oath shall be taken over fullgrown victims and shall be that oath which in the countries of the several contracting parties is deemed the most binding. The form of oath shall be as follows: "I will be true to the alliance, and will observe the agreement in all honesty and without fraud or hurt; I will not transgress it in any way or manner. Supreme command. Administration of oath. In addition to these clauses, provision was made for Ratification. the ratification of the treaty,-the persons who were to take the oath, and those who were to administer it were specified in the case of each city, and the time was fixed for the mutual renewal of the oaths. The record of Record. the convention was to be perpetuated by the customary inscription thereof on columns in certain temples named. Finally, it was agreed that the treaty might be modified, Modification. with the unanimous consent of the signatories, and that such modifications should have legal force. between After the great battle of Mantinea, 418 B.C., first Alliance peace, then a fifty years' alliance were made between Sparta and Sparta and Argos. A Lacedaemonian envoy, who was the Argos, 418 B.C. Hostages. Evacuation. Hostages. Sacrifice. Independence. Union against common enemy. proxenus1 of the Argives, arrived in Argos, and offered them peace or war. After some discussion the Argives accepted the conditions of peace, as proposed by Sparta. "It seems good to the Lacedaemonian assembly to make an agreement with the Argives on the following terms :— (1) "The Argives shall restore to the Orchomenians the youths, and to the Maenalians the men whom they hold as hostages, and to the Lacedaemonians the men who were deposited in Mantinea. 5 (2) "They shall also evacuate Epidauria, and demolish the fortifications which they have erected there. If the Athenians refuse to evacuate Epidauria, they shall be enemies to the Argives and Lacedaemonians, and to the allies of the Lacedaemonians, and to the allies of the Argives. (3) "If the Lacedaemonians have any youths belonging to any of the allies in their country, they shall restore them to their several cities. (4) "Concerning the sacrifice to the god, the Epidaurians shall be permitted to take an oath which the Argives shall formally tender to them. (5) The cities in Peloponnesus, both small and great, shall be all independent, according to their ancestral laws. (6) "If any one from without Peloponnesus comes against Peloponnesus with evil. intent, the Peloponnesians shall take counsel together and shall repel the enemy; and the 6 1 On the functions of the proxenus in diplomatic negotiations, see vol. i. pp. 153, 324. 2Thuc. v. 77-79. 4 Ibid. 3Cf. Thục, V. 61. 5 Cf. Thục. V. 53. 6 This clause was, no doubt, specially aimed against the Athenians, cf. v. 52, 61, 75. several States shall bear such a share in the nesians. (7) "The allies of the Lacedaemonians without Peloponnesus1 shall be in the same position as the other allies of the Lacedaemonians and the allies of the Argives, and they shall retain their present territory. (8) "Both parties may, if they think fit, show this agreement to their allies and make terms with them, but if the allies raise any objection, they shall dismiss them to their homes." Allies. between The Argives having assented to these conditions, Second treaty the Lacedaemonian army was withdrawn, and negotia- Sparta and tions were commenced for the establishment of an Argos. alliance, offensive and defensive, with the former, who renounced their own former alliance with Athens, Elis, and Mantinea. The second treaty was of wider extent, providing for the independence of the Peloponnesian cities, and for the submission of disputes to an arbitral tribunal. "It seems good to the Lacedaemonians and to the Argives to make peace and alliance for fifty years on the following conditions: (1) "They shall submit to arbitration on fair and equal terms, according to their ancestral customs. (2) "The other cities of Peloponnesus shall participate in the peace and alliance, and shall be independent and their own masters, retaining their own territory and submitting to arbitration on fair and equal terms, according to their ancestral customs. (3) "All the allies of the Lacedaemonians outside Peloponnese shall share in the same 1 These included Boeotia, Megara, and others. Alliance for fifty years. Arbitration. Independence. Allies of the parties. War. Arbitration. Ius originis. Perpetual alliance between Athens and Thessaly, 361 B.C. Perpetual alliance between the Opuntian Locrians and Naupactus, 460 B.C. terms as the Lacedaemonians, and the allies (4) If it shall be necessary to make an expedition in common against any place, the Lacedaemonians and the Argives shall consult together and fix the share in the war which may be equitably borne by the allies. (5) "If any of the States, either within or without Peloponnesus, have a dispute about a frontier, or any other matter, the difference shall be duly settled. But should a quarrel break out between two of the allied cities, they shall appeal to some State which both the cities deem to be impartial. (6) "Justice shall be administered to the individual citizens of each State according to their ancestral customs." The treaty between Athens and Thessaly, about 361 B.C., endeavoured to establish a perpetual alliance, eis Tòv ȧeì xpóvov, against Alexandros of Pherae. The aggressions of this tyrant directed against the autonomous Thessalian towns had before been checked by Thebes (364 B.C.) whose dependent ally he was forced to become. On the death of Epaminondas (362 B.C.), he began to harass the maritime allies of Athens and the Thessalians. The latter therefore sought an alliance with Athens against their common enemy.1 Another example of a perpetual alliance is that of a century earlier, when by a charter given to Naupactus by the Opuntian Locrians (460 B.C.), each State was empowered to call on the other for a renewal of the oath after a period of thirty years.2 1 Hicks, 123; Dittenberger, Sylloge, no. 85; Michel, 11; Von Scala, 176. 2 Hicks, no. 25, p. 32, §A; Michel, 285. |