alliance between Hierapytna citizenship. A noteworthy instance of a perpetual alliance, for Perpetual offensive and defensive purposes, is the convention between Hierapytna and Priansos, two Cretan towns, and Priansos, established at about the end of the third century B.C.' end of third It is a confirmation and extension of the provisions of a century B.C. previous alliance, and stipulates an interchange of various rights and privileges. Thus the rights of Exchange of citizenship in general, including the reciprocal participation in the cities' religious worship and sacred feasts, the right of intermarriage, of the acquisition of property, of buying and selling, borrowing and lending at interest, and of entering into all other kinds of private contracts, in accordance with the lex loci contractus, are all inter- Lex loci changed, in a word, the parties are to share in contractus, common in all things divine and human, καὶ θείων καὶ ἀνθρωπίνων πάντων (which is the customary formula inserted in treaties establishing complete alliances in Greece). Further, taxes for exports or imports are Free trade. abolished, except in the case of certain articles imported by sea. Right of search is mutually accorded. The Right of envoys of each town are to be courteously received by the kóσuo, the magistrates, of the other, who are, moreover, to furnish them with all necessaries during their stay; otherwise, they are to pay the envoys a sum of ten staters. The magistrates of each town are to have the right of access to the senate, and seats in the public assembly, of the other town. The terms of the alliance Public recital are to be publicly recited at a certain festival every year, and ten days' notice of this proceeding is to be given to the other party,—in default of which a fine of a hundred staters is to be paid. A common tribunal, Common κοινὸν δικαστήριον, composed of an equal number of tribunal. judges from each town, is established, which is to hear 1 Corp. inscrip. Graec. 2556; Michel, 16.-Cf. Egger, pp. 79 seq.; and Szanto, Das griechische Bürgerrecht, pp. 87 seq.-This is one of the most interesting epigraphic documents of this category. The marble slab was discovered in Crete, and is now at Oxford. The whole original text of the convention well deserves careful examination; but it is too long to be reproduced here. search. Envoys. of terms. disputes. Division of booty. all offences against the provisions of the present convention; and if an action is brought at the instance of an informer and the offence proved, the said informer is to receive a third part of the amount of the fine Settlement of inflicted on the guilty individual,-the remainder of the sum going to the public treasury. All existing disputes are to be decided within one month after the ratification of the treaty, and in the case of future controversies, advocates are to be employed according to the prescribed orders in the public edict. As to all plunder captured from the enemy, whether or not on a joint expedition, the soldiers concerned are to draw shares by lot, after a certain portion has been reserved for the towns themselves; should any difference arise with regard to this apportionment, it is to be referred to the above-mentioned court, or, if mutually agreed upon, to the arbitration of a third town, ekkλTOS TÓDIS. The place for the sittings of the common tribunal is to be regulated by the annual magistrates; and mutual guarantees are to be given for the due settlement of pending causes within two months of the appointment of the judges. Finally, there are provisions regulating the subsequent modification of the treaty, if found necessary, and for the setting up in temples of tablets containing the record of the engagement; and fines are specified in case of neglect thereof. Arbitration. Where court is to sit. Modification of treaty. Alliance between Hierapytna and Rhodes, end of third century B.C. A somewhat similar alliance, in peace and war, is that between Hierapytna and Rhodes entered into towards the end of the third century B.c.1 It begins 1(From an inscription on a marble slab, which was formerly in Venice. Cauer, Delectus inscrip. Graec. no. 181; Michel, no. 21. Cf. Egger, pp. 297-301.) . . . Κυρωθείσας δὲ τᾶς συμμαχίας καὶ τῶν ὅρκων συντελεσθέντων κατὰ τὰ γεγραμμένα ὑπάρχειν συμμαχίαν ποτὶ τὸν δῆμον τὸν Ροδίων καὶ συνεργεῖν Ἱεραπυτνίους] τῶι δάμωι τῶι Ῥοδίων καὶ πόλιν καὶ λιμένας καὶ ὁρματήρια | παρέχει(ν) καὶ εὔνους καὶ φίλους καὶ συμμάχους ὑπάρχειν εἰς τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον· καὶ εἴ τίς κα ἐπὶ πόλιν ἢ χώραν στρατεύηται τὴν Ῥοδίων ἢ τοὺς νόμους ἢ τὰς ποθόδους ἢ τὰν καθεστα κυῖαν δημοκρατίαν καταλύης, βοηθεῖν Ιεραπυτνίους Ροδίοις || παντὶ σθένει κατὰ τὸ δυνατόν (11. 7-15, Michel, from the with a prayer to the gods that the alliance, offensive and defensive, between the two communities, may conduce to their common good; and it provides for the taking of oaths, and for the final ratification of Ratification. the convention. The Hierapytnians engage to give hospitality to the Rhodians, open their ports, and remain perpetually their friends and devoted allies; they promise to assist them to the utmost of their power in repelling invaders from their territory, or such as may Union in war. try to subvert their laws, or interfere with their liberty and democratic government; and a number of auxiliary forces is specified for the purpose, provision being also made for their pay and victualling. If war break out between Rhodes and an ally of Hierapytna, the Hierapytnians are to send aid, if Rhodes is attacked; but if Rhodes is the aggressor, then the Hierapytnians may, if they choose, withhold their assistance. If the Rhodians wish to raise mercenaries in Crete, the Hierapytnians are to give them full liberty to do so on their territory, and to help them elsewhere; on the other hand, they are not to help any other State to do so when its intention is to conduct hostilities against Rhodes. Further, the Hierapytnians are to aid the Piracy. Rhodians to put down piracy in the neighbouring seas; all pirates and vessels captured are to go to Rhodes, but the remainder of the booty is to be shared between the parties. On the other hand, the Rhodians are like- Equality. wise to be the friends and devoted allies of the Hierapytnians, and to regard them as possessing equal rights with themselves; to aid them against aggressors, and to send two galleys, the equipment and maintenance of which being provided for. If Rhodes is herself text of Cauer). ... Εἰ δέ κα συστᾶ(ι) πόλεμος Ροδίοις ποτί τινα τῶν ἐν συμμαχίαι ἐόντων Ιεραπυτνίοις, εἰ μέν | κα πολεμῶντ(α)ι Ρόδιοι, ἀποστελλόντων τὴν συμμαχίαν Ροδίοις Ιεραπύτν(ι)οι, εἰ δέ κα πολεμῶντι κατάρξαντες πολέμου, μὴ ἐπάνεγκες ἔστω Ἱεραπυτνίοις ἀποστέλλειν συμμαχίαν Ροδίοις (ΙΙ. 35-40). ... Ἐξέστω δὲ καὶ διορθώσασθαι τὰς συνθήκας, εἴ τί και δοκῆς ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς πόλεσι διαπρεσβευσαμέναις ποθ ̓ αὑτάς· ἃ δέ κα κοινᾶι δόξηι, ταῦτα κύρια ἔστω (11. 86-88). at war, then she is to aid Hierapytna as far as she can; but if Hierapytna make war on any State without the advice of Rhodes, then Rhodes is not bound to send forces. No Rhodian is ever, under any circumstances, to take up arms against a Hierapytnian. Modification Finally, permission is given to modify this convention by their respective embassies, if the suggested alterations or additions are mutually agreed upon; and provision is made for inscribing the text on steles and depositing them in their temples, and for taking and administrating the oaths by deputies and commissioners. of treaty. Alliance c. 267 B.C. About 267 B.C. an alliance was established between Athens, Areus, king of Sparta, several other Greek States, and Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, to oppose the Philadelphus, ambitious projects of Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia. The inscription of the decree relating to this alliance is contained on a marble slab found on the Acropolis. The purport of this is to the following effect :-Whereas the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians, including their respective allies, having engaged, in pursuance of a previous compact of friendship and alliance, against those who endeavoured to 1 Rangabe, Antig. hellén. t. ii. no. 453; Michel, 130; Cery. inscrip. Att. ii. 332; Dittenberger, 163.The portion of the text here given is taken from that of Rangabé : Ἐπειδὴ ἑκάτερομ μὲν 'Αθηναῖοι καὶ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ οἱ σύμμαχ οι οἱ ἑκατέρων φιλίαν καὶ συμμαχίαν κοινὴν ποιησάμενοι πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς, πολλοὺς καὶ καλοὺς ἀγῶνας ἠγωνίσαντο με το τ' ἀλλήλων πρὸς τοὺς καταδουλοῦσθαι τὰς πόλεις ἐπιχειρή)σαντας, ἐξ ὧν ἑαυτοῖς τε δόξαν ἐκτήσαντο καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις Ἕλλησι παρεσκεύασαν τὴν ἐλευθερίαν, καὶ νῦν δὲ κ(α)ιρῶν καθειληφότων ὁμοίων τὴν Ἑλλάδα πᾶσαν διὰ τοὺς) καταλύε ιν ἐπιχειροῦντας τούς τε νόμους καὶ τὰς π(α)τρίους ἑκάστ 15 οις πολιτείας. . . . 30 ... ὅπως ἂν οὖν, κοινῆς ὁμονοίας γενομένης τοῖς Ἕλλησι πρός τε τοὺς νῦν· ἠδικηκότας καὶ παρεσπονδ)η(κό)τας τὰς πόλεις, πρόθυμοι μετὰ τοῦ βασιλέως Πτολεμαίου καὶ μετ ̓ ἀλλήλων ὑπάρχωσιν ἀγωνισταὶ, καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν μεθ' ὁμο(νο) ίας σῴζωσιν τὰς πόλεις.... subjugate their cities,1—their combined action bringing glory to themselves and ensuring liberty to the other Greek States; now, similar circumstances having arisen in Greece, owing to the attempt made on the freedom and the political constitutions of the various independent communities, the Athenians have concluded an alliance with king Ptolemy, who has shown a friendly disposition towards Greece, and have resolved to procure also an alliance between him and the other Greek States; likewise, the Lacedaemonians, being the friends and allies of Ptolemy, have decreed to ally themselves with Athens, together with the Eleans, Achaeans, Mantineans, and the other allies of Areus, in order that harmony be established amongst all the Hellenic communities, and combined action be taken by them, along with Ptolemy, against those who might conceive designs on Greece. Smyrna and The treaty between Smyrna and Magnesia (on the Treaty between Sipylum, in Lydia), 244 B.C., establishes a complete Magnesia, alliance between the two States. Smyrna bestows the 244 B.C. right of citizenship to the Magnesians, that is, to such Citizenship. as are freemen and of Greek nationality, on the condition that the latter will preserve the alliance, and continue their friendship towards king Seleucus. The contracting parties are to have the same friends and enemies, and to enjoy a certain community of laws. Laws in Provision is made for the administration of the oath, the form of which is specified. After the compact has been ratified by their oaths, all grievances that arose between them during the war shall become extinguished. Among other stipulations, it is laid down that the currency of Smyrna is to be accepted in Magnesia. 2 The text of the document (preserved on a large marble slab brought from Smyrna, and now in Oxford) is of an elaborate character. It consists of three parts; and the whole is drawn up with extreme care and 1 This probably refers to the defeated projects of Demetrius, 288 B.C., and of Pyrrhus, 272 B.C. 2 Corp. inscrip. Graec. 3137; Michel, 19.-Cf. Egger, pp. 108 seq.; Szanto, op. cit. p. 108. common. |