Mutual

concessions.

Third treaty, 279 B.C.

Mutual aid guaranteed in spite of alliances with others.

shall traffic or found a city; he shall do no
more than take in provisions and refit his
ship. If a storm drive him upon those
coasts, he shall depart within five days.

(4) "In the Carthaginian province of Sicily
and in Carthage he may transact business.
and sell whatsoever it is lawful for a citizen

to do In like manner also may a Cartha-
ginian at Rome."

The third treaty concluded between Rome and Carthage, 279 B.C., at the time of the invasion of Pyrrhus into Sicily, contained substantially the same provisions as those of the two preceding conventions, together with the following additional clauses:1

(1) "If they make a treaty of alliance with Pyrrhus, the Romans or Carthaginians shall make it on such terms as not to preclude the one giving aid to the other, if that one's territory is attacked.

(2) "If one or the other stand in need of help, the Carthaginians shall supply the ships, whether for transport or war; but each people shall supply the pay for its own. men employed on them.

(3) "The Carthaginians shall also give aid by sea to the Romans if need be; but no one shall compel the crews to disembark against their will."

It appears that there were a fourth and a fifth treaty entered into between the same parties; but they need not concern us here.2

1 Polyb. iii. 25 : “ ἐὰν συμμαχίαν ποιῶνται πρὸς Πύρρον ἔγγραπτον, ποιείσθωσαν ἀμφότεροι, ἵνα ἐξῇ βοηθεῖν ἀλλήλοις ἐν τῇ τῶν πολεμουμένων χώρα. ὁπότεροι δ ̓ ἂν χρείαν ἔχωσι τῆς βοηθείας, τὰ πλοῖα παρεχέτωσαν Καρχηδόνιοι καὶ εἰς τὴν ὁδὸν καὶ εἰς τὴν ἔφοδον, τὰ δὲ ὀψώνια τοῖς αὑτῶν ἑκάτεροι. Καρχηδόνιοι δὲ καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν Ρωμαίοις βοηθείτωσαν, ἂν χρεία ᾖ. τὰ δὲ πληρώματα μηδεὶς ἀναγκαζέτο ἐκβαίνειν ἀκουσίως.”

2 Cf. Nissen, loc. cit.

Rome and the

When the war between Rome and Macedon was Treaty between renewed in 200 B.C., the Aetolians at first decided to Aetolians, remain neutral; but owing to the success of the consul 197 B.C. Galba they soon joined the Romans, declared war against Philip, and took part in the battle of Cynoscephalae, 197 B.C.1 Afterwards the two parties entered into a formal treaty, with a view to break the power of Macedon; and it was stipulated that whatever booty might be taken should go to the Romans, and the lands and conquered towns to the Aetolians.2

Rome and

The Aetolians were discontented with the settlement Treaty between by Flamininus of the affairs in Greece, after the victory Aetolia, in 197 B.C.; and on the return of Flamininus to Italy, 189 B.C. they invited Antiochus to invade Greece, and soon after declared war against Rome, 192 B.C. The Roman consul M. Fulvius Nobilior proceeded to Greece, and laid siege to Ambracia, 189 B.C. In the meantime Antiochus was defeated at Thermopylae, 191 B.C., and at Magnesia, 189 B.C. Hence the Aetolians were compelled to sue for peace on any terms. Romans granted it, but not without destroying the independence of their adversaries and making them their vassals. The following were the provisions: 3

(1) "The people of the Aetolians shall in good faith maintain the empire and majesty of the people of Rome.

(2) "They shall not allow hostile forces to pass through their territory or cities. against the Romans, their allies or friends; nor grant them any supplies from the public fund.

(3) "They shall have the same enemies as the people of Rome; and if the Roman people go to war with any, the Aetolian people shall do so also.

1 Liv. xxxiii. 7.

The

2 Liv. xxxiii. 13: "...ut belli praeda rerum, quae ferri agique possent, Romanos, ager urbesque captae Aetolos sequerentur."

3 Polyb. xxi. 32 (xxii. 13 (15)); cf. Liv. xxxviii. 11.

Aetolia in subjection.

Passage of

hostile forces.

Union against

common

enemy.

Fugitive slaves and prisoners.

Payment of indemnity.

Hostages.

(4) "The Aetolians shall surrender to the praefectus in Corcyra, within a hundred days. from the completion of the treaty, runaway slaves, and prisoners of the Romans and their allies, except such as having been taken during the war have returned to their own land and been subsequently captured; and except such as were in arms against Rome during the time that the Aetolians were fighting on the side of the Romans. If there should be any not found within that time, they shall hand them over as soon as they are forthcoming, without deceit. fraud. And such persons, after the completion of the treaty, shall not be allowed to return to Aetolia.

or

(5) "The Aetolians shall pay the consul in Greece at once two hundred Euboic talents of silver, of a standard not inferior to the Attic. In place of one-third of this silver, they may, if they so choose, pay gold, at the rate of a mina of gold to ten minae of silver. They shall pay the money in the six years next following the completion of the treaty in yearly instalments of fifty talents; and shall deliver the money in

Rome.

(6) "The Aetolians shall give the consul forty hostages, not less than ten or more than forty years old, to remain for the six years; they shall be selected by the Romans freely, excepting only the strategus, hipparch, public secretary, and such as have already been hostages at Rome. The Aetolians shall deliver such hostages in Rome; and if any one of them die, they shall give another in his place.

(7) "Cephallenia shall not be included in this treaty.

(8) "Of such territories, cities, and men as once belonged to the Aetolians, and, in the consulship of Titus Quinctius and Cnaeus Domitius, or subsequently, were either captured by the Romans or voluntarily embraced their friendship, the Aetolians shall not annex any, whether city or men therein.

(9) "The city and territory of Oeniadae shall belong to the Acarnanians."

Annexation limited.

Rome and

The treaty between Rome and Chios (which has Treaty between already been referred to) deals with the important Chios. question of territorial jurisdiction.1

Carthage and

In connection with the Roman practice of treaty- Treaty between making, it will be convenient to mention here the Macedon, treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive, concluded 215 B.C. between Hannibal and Philip of Macedon, 215 B.C. One of its main objects is to establish an effective opposition to the growing power and encroachments of Rome. The following are the provisions, as given by Polybius: 2

(1) "Let the Carthaginians, as supreme, Hannibal their chief general and those serving with him, all members of the Carthaginian dominion living under the same laws, as well as the people of Utica, and the cities and tribes subject to Carthage, and their soldiers. and allies, and all cities and tribes in Italy, Celt-land, and Liguria, with whom we have a compact of friendship, and with whomsoever in this country we may hereafter form such compact, be supported by king Philip and the Macedonians, and all other Greeks in alliance with them.

(2) "On their parts also king Philip and the Macedonians, and such other Greeks as are his allies, shall be supported and protected by the Carthaginians now in this

1 Corp. inscrip. Graec. 2222; vol. i. P. 208.

2 Polyb. vii. 9.

Macedon and her allies to aid Carthage and her allies.

Carthage and her allies to aid Macedon and her allies.

Previous allies safeguarded.

Macedon to aid Carthage against Rome.

Macedon to share benefits of victory.

Mutual assistance.

army, and by the people of Utica, and by all cities and tribes subject to Carthage, both soldiers and allies, and by all allied cities and tribes in Italy, Celt-land, and Liguria, and by all others in Italy as shall hereafter become allies of the Carthaginians.

(3) "We will not make plots against, nor lie in ambush for, each other; but in all sincerity and good-will, without reserve or secret design, will be enemies to the enemies of the Carthaginians, saving and excepting those kings, cities and ports with which we have sworn agreements and friendships.

(4) "And we, too, will be enemies to the enemies of king Philip, saving and excepting those kings, cities and tribes with which we have sworn agreements and friendships.

(5) "Ye shall be friends to us in the war in which we now are engaged against the Romans, till such time as the gods give us and you the victory; and ye shall assist us in all ways that be needful, and in whatsoever way we may mutually determine.

(6) "And when the gods have given us victory in our war with the Romans and their allies, if Hannibal shall deem it right to make terms with the Romans, these terms shall include the same friendship with you, made on these conditions: (1) the Romans not to be allowed to make war on you; (2) not to have power over Corcyra, Apollonia, Epidamnum, Pharos, Dimale, Parthini, or Atitania; (3) to restore to Demetrius of Pharos all those of his friends now in the dominion of Rome.

(7) "If the Romans ever make war on you or on us we will aid each other in such war, according to the need of either.

(8) "So also if any other nation whatever