Bello deinde Aborigines Troianique simul petiti. 2 Turnus rex Rutulorum, cui pacta Lavinia ante adventum Aeneae fuerat, praelatum sibi advenam aegre patiens, simul Aeneae Latinoque bellum intulerat. Neutra 2 acies laeta ex eo certamine abiit: victi Rutuli, victores Aborigines Troianique ducem Latinum amisere. Inde 3 Turnus Rutulique diffisi rebus ad florentes opes Etruscorum Mezentiumque regem eorum confugiunt, qui Caere, opulento tum oppido, imperitans, iam inde ab initio minime laetus novae origine urbis et tum nimio plus quam satis tutum esset accolis rem Troianam crescere ratus, haud gravatim socia arma Rutulis iunxit.

Aeneas, adversus tanti belli terrorem ut animos Abori- 4 ginum sibi conciliaret nec sub eodem iure solum sed etiam nomine omnes essent, Latinos utramque gentem

2. victores: as if were victorious, but,' etc.

3. Rutulique, and the rest of the Rutulians; as often with -que. - diffisi rebus, despairing of success; properly, not having confidence in the condition of their affairs.- florentes: emphatic as opposed to diffisi rebus. - Mezentium: Virgil makes him a king of a small portion only of the Etruscans. Caere (ablative): one of the twelve cities of the Etruscan league; here represented as master of all. - oppido: Cicero would use in; but poetic constructions begin to appear in Livy. - tum : in Livy's time it was in ruins. — nimio, very

satis tu

much, as in comedy.
tum : like our very safe; cf.
satis scio, Pref. 1.-rem: in the
usual sense of power. - gravatim :
i.e. without making any objection
to the request implied in confugi-
socia, in alliance; prolep-
tic; of course they were not such
until after the action of iunxit.

unt.

4. adversus, to meet. - tanti belli terrorem, so formidable an enemy.— belli: almost concrete in Latin, referring to the combined force arrayed against him. The whole, by the use of adversus and by the position, makes a shorthand expression for 'This combination was so alarming that Æneas felt the need of some special measures to meet it. These he found in the closer union of his two classes of subjects, and therefore, to attach, etc., he called, etc.'

- ut, wishing to; cf. Aen. XII. 190, 823, and 837.

iure... nomine: their position had been the same, but from the

5 appellavit. Nec deinde Aborigines Troianis studio ac fide erga regem Aeneam cessere; fretusque his animis coalescentium in dies magis duorum populorum Aeneas, quamquam tanta opibus Etruria erat ut iam non terras solum, sed mare etiam per totam Italiae longitudinem ab Alpibus ad fretum Siculum fama nominis sui implesset, tamen, cum moenibus bellum propulsare posset, in 6 aciem copias eduxit. Secundum inde proelium Latinis, Aeneae etiam ultimum mortalium operum fuit. Situs est, quemcumque eum dici ius fasque est, super Numicum fluvium, Iovem indigetem appellant.

3 Nondum maturus imperio Ascanius Aeneae filius erat, tamen id imperium ei ad puberem aetatem incolume

difference of name there was a lack of common national feeling which was now secured.

5. ac: the ideas are closely united, where aut would separate them.

fretus the emphasis gives the idea, 'And such was his confidence, etc., that he did not shrink from the contest, and that, too, in the open field.'- his animis: i.e. studio ac fide in both classes. · - coalescentium: this to us awkward compression of a relative clause into a participle is characteristic of postCiceronian Latin. It emphasizes the meaning of the participle. -iam: notice the force of coming to,' 'getting to,' or the like, which is always present in this word.-cum: introducing a new subordinate concession.bellum, the enemy, or the invasion; cf. belli above (4).

6. secundum, etc.: as if it were 'Then there was a battle in which the victory rested with the Latins; but for their commander it was,' etc. It is only by following Livy's unexpressed thought, as shown by the order, that the sense of his words can be made out. Latinis: Livy follows poetic

usage in the very free use of the dative of possession or reference.

operum: not exactly deeds, nor toils, but something between, say efforts. situs est, his grave is; the regular expression on tombstones. The disappearance which is implied is not expressed definitely; cf. Pref. 7.

quemcumque, etc.: i.e. whether god, hero, or man.

super, on the bank of.- Numicum: a little stream south of Lavinium.-indigetem, local, as tutelary divinity of a single place, to which he is supposed to be native. Likely enough the worship of Æneas is confused with that of the river god Numicus. Cf. Dionysius, I. 64; Tib. II. 5. 43:

Illic sanctus eris cum te veneranda Numici
Vnda deum caelo miserit indigetem.

THE ALBAN DYNASTY.

3. maturus: the emphasis means something like 'His natural successor wasn't old enough yet to take his place, but the place was kept safe for him till he was,' or 'the youth of Æneas' son prevented his

mansit. Tantisper tutela muliebri- tanta indoles in Lavinia erat - res Latina et regnum avitum paternumque puero stetit. Haud ambigam-quis enim rem tam a veterem pro certo adfirmet?— hicine fuerit Ascanius an maior quam hic, Creusa matre Ilio incolumi natus comesque inde paternae fugae, quem Iulum eundem Iulia gens auctorem nominis sui nuncupat. Is Ascanius, 3 ubicumque et quacumque matre genitus- certe natum Aenea constat abundante Lavini multitudine florentem iam, ut tum res erant, atque opulentam urbem matri seu novercae reliquit, novam ipse aliam sub Albano monte condidit, quae ab situ porrectae in dorso urbis Longa Alba appellata.

Inter Lavinium et Albam Longam deductam coloniam 4

immediately succeeding him; but the throne was kept for him till he could.' - tantisper: i.e. ad puberem aetatem; the story doesn't tell how long. — tutela muliebri: i.e. strange as it may seem, explained by tanta, etc.—tanta: i.e. so great, as is indicated by the facts which are set forth; a form of expression common enough in all languages, and particularly common with Livy; cf. adeo, Pref. 11. res: in its regular meaning of state, as in res publica.

2. ambigam, discuss; properly, question, implying that there was doubt; hence haud is more admissible; cf. haud dubito. — adfirmet: see Gr. 268. - hicine: the colloquial old form of hic with the interrogative -ne; see Gr. 100. ft.n. fuerit, etc., whether it was this Ascanius. maior, older.

- quem:

sc. is, the predicate of fuerit. Iulum eundem, being the same as, etc., in apposition with quem. nuncupat, claims; a somewhat formal legal word.

florentem: and so not needing a hero to foster it. — iam, getting to be.. -seu: often used, especially by later writers, as an abbreviation for two appositives with sive ... sive; i.e. Laviniae seu matri seu novercae; whether one or the other. - sub, at the foot of. — porrectae : cf. coalescentium, 2. 5 n. — Longa: emphatic; cf. the same words again in the next line. The whole tradition is probably manufactured. It is difficult to see how any white town could have been built in this position. The word Alba is probably from some pre-Latin language; see Helbig above cited on 1. 3.

4. Lavinium: sc. conditum, obscurely implied in deductam.

triginta ferme interfuere anni. Tantum tamen opes creverant maxime fusis Etruscis, ut ne morte quidem Aeneae nec deinde inter muliebrem tutelam rudimentumque primum puerilis regni movere arma aut Mezentius Etrus5 cique aut ulli alii accolae ausi sint. Pax ita convenerat, ut Etruscis Latinisque fluvius Albula, quem nunc Tibe6 rim vocant, finis esset. Silvius deinde regnat, Ascanii 7 filius, casu quodam in silvis natus. Is Aeneam Silvium creat, is deinde Latinum Silvium. Ab eo coloniae aliquot 8 deductae, Prisci Latini appellati. Mansit Silviis postea omnibus cognomen qui Albae regnaverunt. Alba ortus, Alba Atys, Atye

tamen: i.e. notwithstanding the shortness of the time.

fusis Etruscis: this gives a chief reason for the rise in power.

morte: i.e. when there was no king.

inter: often thus used of time combined with circumstance or situation.

muliebrem: i.e. when there was only a woman at the head of affairs.

rudimentum: not merely beginning, but inexperienced attempts.— movere arma, make any hostile demonstration.

Etruscique: cf. Turnus Rutulique, 2. 3 n.

ausi sint: for tense see Gr. 287. c.

5. pax: here Livy resumes again the narrative interrupted, after the battle in 2. 3, by the digression on Æneas and his son. It is not unlikely that Livy follows another source here, combining two different accounts. See note on Silvius below.

ita, with the proviso; often a clause which seems like a result clause as defining a correlative, is really a purpose clause expressing something which is originally a

Latino Capys, Capye Capetus, command or the like. Cf. Gr. 317. a. - Etruscis: a free use of the dative of reference.

6. Silvius: this personage is made by many the son of Æneas (cf. Aen. VI. 763). The following reigns are intercalated to fill up the gap of three or four hundred years between the fall of Troy and the founding of Rome (cf. 29. 6). The whole dynasty seems purely mythical.

7. Prisci Latini: the meaning of this expression is involved in doubt. It seems to distinguish cities in power before Alba became the head of the Latin league. Livy is inconsistent with himself about them, as in 33. 4, where the name is used for the Latins generally; cf. also 38. 4; 52. 2; 32. 11 and 14. — appellati: sc. sunt.

8. Silviis: the regular dative of names. Cf. 1. 3; and see Gr. 231. b. ! This was probably a real traditional name at Alba.

cognomen: Silvius seems like a gentile name (nomen), but probably was not felt by Livy as such. Such names are all supposed to be derived from the name of a founder, which Silvius, as an adjective from silva, is not felt to be.

Capeto Tiberinus, qui in traiectu Albulae amnis submersus celebre ad posteros nomen flumini dedit. Agrippa 9 inde Tiberini filius, post Agrippam Romulus Silvius a patre accepto imperio regnat. Aventino fulmine ipse. ictus regnum per manus tradidit. Is sepultus in eo colle, qui nunc pars Romanae est urbis, cognomen colli fecit. Proca deinde regnat. Is Numitorem atque Amu- 10 lium procreat; Numitori, qui stirpis maximus erat, regnum vetustum Silviae gentis legat.

Plus tamen vis potuit quam voluntas patris aut verecundia aetatis. Pulso fratre Amulius regnat. Addit I sceleri scelus: stirpem fratris virilem interimit, fratris filiae Reae Silviae per speciem honoris, cum Vestalem eam legisset, perpetua virginitate spem partus adimit.

Sed debebatur, ut opinor, fatis tantae origo urbis 4

Tiberinus obviously derived from the name of the river. - celebre, famous; properly, widespread and much used.

9. fulmine ipse ictus, etc., his death by lightning passed it on from HIM to Aventinus; cf. ab urbe condita, and see Gr. 292. a. ipse: made necessary by the putting of Aventinus in the emphatic place. per manus, in succession; i.e. as his successor. Romanae: emphatic as opposed to the Alban kingdom; see Gr. 344. a. cognomen: cf., for the confusion of nomen and cognomen, 8 n.

10. Proca: the proper Latin form, without the s; cf. nauta with vaúTns.- stirpis: partitive genitive. — maximus: without regard to the number (two), as we should say 'eldest son' in any case.-legat: apparently by will; cf. voluntas below.

11. per speciem, under pretence; adverbial phrases with per are very common, especially in later writers, without any particular definiteness in the meaning of the preposi

tion.

Vestalem: cf. 20. 3. legisset: the king is also high-priest, to which functionary the choice belongs.

BIRTH AND EXPOSURE OF ROMU-
LUS AND REMUS.

4. sed: i.e. every attempt was made to cut off the succession, but, etc.— debebatur: i.e. was predestined by; properly, owed to the fates, and so bound to be accomplished, in spite of human endeavor. ut opinor, I imagine; i.e. it would seem so as we look at the circumstances detailed in the myth. tantae: i.e. the city became so great that we are justified in thinking the occurrence was not a mere chance, but