maximique secundum deorum opes imperii principium. 2 Vi compressa Vestalis cum geminum partum edidisset, seu ita rata seu quia deus auctor culpae honestior erat, Martem incertae stirpis patrem nuncupat. Sed nec dii nec homines aut ipsam aut stirpem a crudelitate regia vindicant sacerdos vincta in custodiam datur, pueros in profluentem aquam mitti iubet.

4

Forte quadam divinitus super ripas Tiberis effusus lenibus stagnis nec adiri usquam ad iusti cursum poterat amnis, et posse quamvis languida mergi aqua infantes 5 spem ferentibus dabat. Ita velut defuncti regis imperio in proxima adluvie, ubi nunc ficus Ruminalis est — Ro

merely added to give the idea, 'no power, human or divine, can,' etc. -iubet: naturally, the king. Livy is not so careful as the earlier writers about changing the subject when no ambiguity is to be feared.

4. forte quadam divinitus, it happened providentially. There is no inconsistency in the expression in Latin any more than in English. Cf. also the Greek θείᾳ τινὶ τύχῃ. Tiberis: the subject of the whole. -lenibus: i.e. in comparison with the current in the channel.

...

nec

et, not and at the same time; the common set of correlatives where one branch is negative and the other affirmative. ad iusti, etc.: an explanatory phrase used loosely, as if he had before said adire Tiberim, like an English colloquial, 'The fire

couldn't be got at, to the centre of it.' — iusti amnis, the river proper. — posse: emphatic; that it was possible. The two ideas are, 'They couldn't get at the river bed, and didn't need to either.' -languida : cf. lenibus above. - infantes: i.e. being mere babies, they might be drowned in any pool. The word is properly subject of mergi, but as sc often in Latin, is conceived as re peated with ferentibus, where we express a pronoun. — ferentibus: cf. legentium, Pref. 4 n. dabat: the subject is grammatically Tiberis effusus, but logically the situation indicated as far as stagnis. The case differs from the common ones of the sort in that Tiberis is used first in its simple sense, and afterwards in combination with effusus, etc. It is to be remembered, however, that to the Romans Caesar mortuus meant Cæsar dead, even when we are obliged to translate it the death of Cæsar.

5. velut, supposing that, etc.; cf. the common Latin use of tanquam, and (rarely) ut; see 54. 7. defuncti: i.e. by so doing they had done what they had been ordered.

nunc: Ovid (F. II. 412) says

mularem vocatam ferunt

pueros exponunt. tum in his locis solitudines erant.

Vastae 6

Tenet fama, cum fluitantem alveum, quo expositi erant pueri, tenuis in sicco aqua destituisset, lupam sitientem ex montibus, qui circa sunt, ad puerilem vagitum cursum flexisse; eam summissas infantibus adeo mitem praebuisse mammas ut lingua lambentem pueros magister regii pecoris invenerit - Faustulo fuisse nomen 7 ferunt; ab eo ad stabula Larentiae uxori educandos datos. Sunt qui Larentiam vulgato corpore lupam inter pastores vocatam putent, inde locum fabulae ac miraculo datum.

tenet, is preserved; not given up or exploded. fluitantem: i.e. floating and not sinking as they expected it would. - lupam: such stories are found in the myths of many nations. - puerilem, of the babes. flexisse: i.e. was attracted by and turned to, etc. eam, and that she. This use of a pronoun in accordance with the English idiom is not usual in Latin, but here makes the statement more significant by separating it from the rest.-summissas, crouching over, thereby accomplishing the action of praebuisse by lowering the dugs.

- mitem: where we should expect

an adverb; cf. serae, Pref. 11. magister: i.e. the king's shepherd.

regii: the emphatic position is explained by the fondness of the Latin for emphasizing persons; cf. regis imperio, 5.

invenerit: for tense cf. immigraverint, Pref. 11.

7. Faustulo: cf. Troiano, 1. 3. The word is a diminutive of Faustus, and is drawn from the early mythology of the Romans. Cf. Faunus from the same root in faveo.— ad stabula: because datos implies that they were taken there. The shepherds' hut is referred to, where the sheep were folded at night. Larentiae: another name from the mythology. She is represented with the name Acca (mother ?), as mother of the Lares Præstites, and called also Luperca or Lupa. Her festival was the Larentalia. - sunt qui. etc.: the Euhemerizing, or realistic interpretation of the old myths, came very early in Rome, and was especially practised by Ennius; cf. Gellius, VII. (VI.) 7, and Macrob. I. 10, 16. fabulae ac miraculo, to the marvellous story. The Romans were fond of taking an idea apart and presenting its component parts separately. This is hardly a rhetori

8 Ita geniti itaque educati, cum primum adolevit aetas, nec in stabulis nec ad pecora segnes venando peragrare 9 saltus. Hinc robore corporibus animisque sumpto iam non feras tantum subsistere, sed in latrones praeda onustos impetus facere pastoribusque rapta dividere et cum his crescente in dies grege iuvenum seria ac iocos celebrare.

5

Iam tum in Palatio monte Lupercal hoc fuisse ludicrum ferunt et a Pallanteo, urbe Arcadica, Pallantium, dein

cal figure in most cases, but it is usually called hendiadys.

8. ita geniti, etc.: such instances of noble birth and pastoral education were familiar to the minds of the ancients; see Cic. de Am. 19. 70.- stabulis, at home in the huts; ad pecora, in the pasture, when the flocks were driven out. - segnes: i.e. they were energetic and ambitious, as suited their birth.venando: a still stronger indication that they were not mere shepherds, and at the same time a preparation for their higher destiny.peragrare: notice that the historical infinitive is a tense of description, not of mere narration, to, began to, used to, etc.

proceeded

saltus, woods; properly the high mountain passes, gaps, generally lightly wooded, and used by the ancients for pasture land.

9. feras: i.e. especially savage and dangerous ones. — - subsistere, face; i.e. fight with them and not run away. Cf. Romanum subsistere (withstand), IX. 31. 6.

latrones: i.e. gradually working up to the generous pursuits of war. - dividere: the royal genius of the youths comes out still more in the leadership which is here implied. — crescente: the increase of their numbers is correlative with the more organized character of their expedi

a very ancient festival was celebrated at the Palatine to the god Lupercus, identified with Faunus, originally, however, the defender of the flock against wolves (Lup-ercus, arceo). The regular name is, as usual, in the plural, for which Lupercal ludicrum is here substituted with a reference to iocos above. This god had a grotto called Lupercal (also the neuter adjective) near the Ficus Ruminalis; see 4. 5. The whole cult probably belongs to the early nomadic life of the Italians.

Palatium montem appellatum. Ibi Euandrum, qui ex eo a genere Arcadum multis ante tempestatibus tenuerit loca, sollemne adlatum ex Arcadia instituisse, ut nudi iuvenes Lycaeum Pana venerantes per lusum atque lasciviam currerent, quem Romani deinde vocaverunt Inuum.

Huic deditis ludicro, cum sollemne notum esset, insi- 3 diatos ob iram praedae amissae latrones, cum Romulus vi se defendisset, Remum cepisse, captum regi Amulio tradidisse ultro accusantes. Crimini maxime dabant in 4 Numitoris agros ab iis impetum fieri, inde eos collecta iuvenum manu hostilem in modum praedas agere. ad supplicium Numitori Remus deditur.

Iam inde ab initio Faustulo spes fuerat, regiam stir- 5 pem apud se educari; nam et expositos iussu regis infantes sciebat et tempus, quo ipse eos sustulisset, ad id

Lycæus ('Wolf Mountain') in Arcadia, the birthplace of Pan. He again is identified with Lupercus and with Faunus as well; but he is properly a god of fruitfulness of the flock; and it is with this function that the Lupercalia had a special connection.

2. eo genere: i.e. from Pallanteum.- tempestatibus: properly, solseasons; here, simply time. lemne, rite; considered as regularly recurring. -nudi: i.e. without even a tunic; imitating the dress of the god himself, who is represented as clad only with a goatskin, the early shepherd's dress. · per: cf. per speciem, 3. 11 n. - lasciviam, wantonness.- currerent: i.e. through the city. Such proceedings had a lustral significance. The superstition connected with the festival, in regard to the Roman women, is well known. There were two colleges of Luperci, the Fabiani and the Quinctiliani, a division connected with the two brothers.

3. deditis (dative after insidia

tos): sc. iuvenibus. — notum: i.e. so that the brigands could take advantage of it.

iram praedae amissae: see Introd. 9. e. - latrones: cf. 4. 9.· ultro, even going so far as to, etc., though they themselves were the guilty ones.

4. crimini, etc., the charge that they laid most stress on was, etc.— fieri: the present seems to be used to represent the historical present used in their charge. — inde: i.e. ex agris. — agere: the chief booty in ancient times was cattle and slaves.sic: i.e. on this account, or so it happened that, etc.; cf. itaque. - ad supplicium: the emphasis expresses the idea, was found guilty and,' etc. Numitori: as the injured party; a trace of a very ancient custom.

5. iam inde, etc., already from the very first. -se: representing Faustulus in the indirect discourse.

et... et: the fact and the time are opposed with emphasis. · id

ipsum congruere; sed rem immaturam nisi aut per occa6 sionem aut per necessitatem aperiri noluerat. Necessitas prior venit. Ita metu subactus Romulo rem aperit. Forte et Numitori, cum in custodia Remum haberet audissetque geminos esse fratres, comparando et aetatem eorum et ipsam minime servilem indolem tetigerat animum memoria nepotum, sciscitandoque eodem pervenit, ut haud procul esset quin Remum agnosceret.

7

Ita undique regi dolus nectitur.

Romulus non cum

globo iuvenum - nec enim erat ad apertam vim par-, sed aliis alio itinere iussis certo tempore ad regiam. venire pastoribus, ad regem impetum facit, et a domo Numitoris alia comparata manu adiuvat Remus. regem obtruncant.

6 Numitor inter primum tumultum hostis invasisse urbem atque adortos regiam dictitans, cum pubem Alba

ipsum: i.e. the fact of the exposure. — immaturam: before it was sufficiently ascertained and ripe for disclosure. - per occasionem, on a favorable opportunity; per necessitatem, in case of necessity; he did not want to be hasty unless some circumstance should make the suggestion natural or necessary. This use of per loosely to make an adverbial phrase is almost a mannerism of the later writers.

6. ita: cf. sic, 4. — metu: that Numitor might unwittingly do some harm to Remus. -forte et, it happened also that, etc. comparando, etc.: i.e. noticing the coincidence of their age with the time of the exposure, and Remus' bearing, which indicated a higher birth than that of ordinary shepherds, he was led to inquiry, and was confirmed in his suspicion. eodem: i.e. the same conclusion as Faus

esset :

tulus, explained by the ut clause. impersonal in Latin, though best rendered by a personal construction in English.

7. undique: exaggerated, for two sides only. -regi: not against him, but for him; the toils were closing in on him.globo: i.e. not an open attack of a body, but a concealed gathering and insidious attack.

erat: for the emphasis, see Gr. 344. d. (2).- a domo: not the regular use of domus as the place from which, but like ab Corintho, 47. 4, as the standpoint from which. The whole indicates that Numitor assents to the plot, though he takes no active part in it until the events described in 6. 1.

ESTABLISHMENT OF NUMITOR.

6. dictitans: the frequentative denotes that this was a pretence to summon the forces (pubem) to the citadel, and so have them under his