nam in arcem praesidio armisque obtinendam avocasset, postquam iuvenes perpetrata caede pergere ad se gratu lantes vidit, extemplo advocato concilio scelus in se fratris, originem nepotum, ut geniti, ut educati, ut cogniti essent, caedem deinceps tyranni seque eius auctorem ostendit. Iuvenes per mediam contionem agmine 2 ingressi cum avum regem salutassent, secuta ex omni multitudine consentiens vox ratum nomen imperiumque regi efficit.

Ita Numitori Albana re permissa Romulum Remum- 3 que cupido cepit in iis locis, ubi expositi ubique educati erant, urbis condendae. Et supererat multitudo Albanorum Latinorumque; ad id pastores quoque accesserant, qui omnes facile spem facerent, parvam Albam, parvum Lavinium prae ea urbe quae conderetur fore. Inter- 4 venit deinde his cogitationibus avitum malum, regni command, ready for the concilium below. in arcem, etc.: a short form for in arcem ad eam obtinendam, etc. avocasset, called off; i.e. from the palace, (under the pretence of defending the most important point,) so as to leave the king to his fate. -se: referring to the subject of vidit. — gratulantes, to congratulate him; the pres. part., as often, with the force of a future to

a king; cf. the customs of the Gauls, etc.-ratum... efficit, confirms, ratifies.

3. re: i.e. the power; cf. 3. I, res Latina. cupido, etc.: see Introd. 9. d (1).

et, and in fact; a favorite use of et with Livy. Here the force is, 'And it was a very natural and practicable plan for,' etc. - supererat, etc., there was an excessive number, etc. ad id, and besides these.-pastores: i.e. those among whom Romulus and Remus had passed their youth. — accesserant: a sudden change of the point of view to the moment of the founding.— qui, etc., so that they, etc.- facile, without question; cf. facile princeps. facerent: characteristic subjunctive; a population which, etc., but better translated by a result clause. conderetur: representing quae conditur in direct discourse.

4. cogitationibus: i.e. the spes above mentioned.—avitum: cf. 3.

cupido, atque inde foedum certamen coortum a satis miti principio. Quoniam gemini essent nec aetatis verecundia discrimen facere posset, ut dii, quorum tutelae ea loca essent, auguriis legerent qui nomen novae urbi daret, qui conditam imperio regeret, Palatium Romulus, Remus Aventinum ad inaugurandum templa capiunt.

7 Priori Remo augurium venisse fertur sex vultures, iamque nuntiato augurio cum duplex numerus Romulo sese ostendisset, utrumque regem sua multitudo consalutaverat. Tempore illi praecepto, at hi numero avium 2 regnum trahebant. Inde cum altercatione congressi

certamine irarum ad caedem vertuntur.

Ibi in turba

of the circumstances takes an arbi-
trary point of time, and refers the
rest of the statements to that.

tempore ... praecepto, from
the priority of time; literally, seizing
upon the time ahead of the others,
who had only the number.

numero: a general word is implied in praecepto, which, of course, is not true of numero. It is not necessary to supply it, because Livy does not have a definite word in his mind. This usage is often called zeugma. — trahebant, were proceeding to claim; a description of the state of things when the time of vertuntur begins.

2. altercatione, a war of words. certamine: abl. of cause. irarum the plural assigns more vividly the angry feeling to each of the two parties; see Gr. 75. 3. c.

:

- ad caedem, to bloodshed; not the murder of Remus, but the mutual violence. — vertuntur, are excited; i.e. beginning with words, they at last come to blows. — ibi, thereupon; in the caedes. in turba, in the mêlée; emphatic as opposed to ab irato Romulo.

1

ictus Remus cecidit. Vulgatior fama est ludibrio fratris Remum novos transiluisse muros, inde ab irato Romulo, cum verbis quoque increpitans adiecisset 'Sic deinde quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea!', interfectum. Ita solus potitus imperio Romulus; condita urbs condi- 3 toris nomine appellata.

Palatium primum, in quo ipse erat educatus, muniit. Sacra diis aliis Albano ritu, Graeco Herculi, ut ab Euandro instituta erant, facit. Herculem in ea loca Geryone 4 interempto boves mira specie abegisse memorant ac prope Tiberim fluvium, qua prae se armentum agens

FOUNDING OF ROME; CULT OF
HERCULES.

3. condita: the city was not fully built until after the fracas, so that Romulus was the founder in either case. Livy derives Roma from Romulus, which is etymologically impossible. — nomine: abl. of separation; cf. ab nomine, 23. 3. Palatium: the hill which was the site of the earliest city, or at least the citadel of it. Remains of the earliest walls are still to be seen on the hill. They did not occupy the whole of the summit, which was originally divided by a ravine into two parts, of which only the northwestern one was occupied by the citadel or Roma Quadrata. -sacra: in the minds of the ancients, an idea inseparable from the founding of a city, and hence next mentioned. - aliis, the other;

old Italian. See Introd. 4. ritu: the ritual of Greek worship and of Italian seems to have been distinctly different.

Herculi: the worship of Hercules must have been very early introduced by Greek merchants. His altar, the Ara Maxima, was in the low land by the river, west of the Palatine, where must have been the commercial quarter; and this altar had a special connection with good faith in bargains. In the growth of legends the worship was naturally associated with Evander.

facit, performs; but implying the establishing of a permanent cult.

4. Herculem: this divinity, who came to the Greeks from the Phoenicians, had as his tenth labor to steal the cattle of Geryon, the threeheaded monster of the island of Erytheia. To accomplish this feat, he passed westward along North Africa, and, crossing at the Pillars of Hercules into Spain, on the coast of which the island was supposed to be, returned with the cattle by way of Europe. It was on this return that he was supposed to have come to Italy.

nando traiecerat, loco herbido, ut quiete et pabulo laeto reficeret boves, et ipsum fessum via procubuisse. 5 Ibi cum eum cibo vinoque gravatum sopor oppressisset, pastor accola eius loci, nomine Cacus, ferox viribus, captus pulchritudine boum cum avertere eam praedam vellet, quia, si agendo armentum in speluncam compulisset, ipsa vestigia quaerentem dominum eo deductura erant, aversos boves, eximium quemque pulchritudine, caudis in speluncam traxit.

6

Hercules ad primam auroram somno excitus cum gregem perlustrasset oculis et partem abesse numero sensisset, pergit ad proximam speluncam, si forte eo vestigia ferrent. Quae ubi omnia foras versa vidit nec in partem aliam ferre, confusus atque incertus animi ex 7 loco infesto agere porro armentum occepit. Inde cum actae boves quaedam ad desiderium, ut fit, relictarum

loco herbido: the low land between the Capitoline and Palatine and the river. —laeto, luxuriant; as in poetry.—reficeret: the purpose of procubuisse; i.e. he stopped, and being tired himself from his journey (as well as the cattle, implied in quiete) lay down.

5. ferox viribus, arrogant on account of his strength; what we express in other connections by 'a bully.' -avertere: a technical term for carrying off cattle and other booty. Cf. Virg. Aen. X. 78.

aversos

a

agendo: opposed to traxit below. compulisset: kind of indirect discourse, representing the thought in Cacus' mind. This construction easily passes into the contrary-to-fact form, of which it is, no doubt, the origin; see Gr. 307. f, and compare 308. d. aversos: opposed to agendo. eximium: here equivalent to a superlative; see Gr. 93. c. quem

que: limiting partitive apposition with boves.caudis: evidently an imitation of Hermes' trick; see Hymn to Apollo, 413.

6. pergit: a continuance of the action implied in perlustrasset; i.e. having looked over all that were directly in sight, he proceeds farther, thinking they might have strayed. si . . . ferrent: i.e. to see whether, etc. Properly a construction of omitted apodosis; cf. Eng. in case, and Goodwin's Moods and Tenses, 494. — foras, out; i.e. from the cave. incertus animi, puzzled; for constr., see Gr. 218. c. R. porro, away, farther on.occepit: rare with the complementary infinitive, but here used like other words of its class.

mugissent, reddita inclusarum ex spelunca boum vox Herculem convertit. Quem cum ad speluncam vadentem Cacus vi prohibere conatus esset, ictus clava fidem pastorum nequiquam invocans morte occubuit.

Euander tum ea profugus ex Peloponneso auctoritate & magis quam imperio regebat loca, venerabilis vir miraculo litterarum, rei novae inter rudes artium homines, venerabilior divinitate credita Carmentae matris, quam fatiloquam ante Sibyllae in Italiam adventum miratae eae gentes fuerant. Is tum Euander concursu pastorum 9 trepidantium circa advenam manifestae reum caedis excitus postquam facinus facinorisque causam audivit, habitum formamque viri aliquantum ampliorem augus

companions. This is a good example of the manner in which in Latin, and especially by Livy, one stroke is added after another to complete the statement, and each with reference to what has

just preceded. The only way to

read Latin is to take it as it comes, and often a sentence must be broken up in translating, in order to keep the proper interdependence of the parts. — inclusarum: sc. in spelunca. ex spelunca: sc. reddita; the whole is a very common short-hand form of expression. - convertit, drew the attention of. fidem: the regular cry of one calling upon his companions or countrymen or the gods for assistance, and common in the comedy (O fidem popularium, etc.); here inserted to give a more striking picture.

8. Euander: cf. Virg. Aen. VIII. 51. seq. Peloponneso: i.e. from Arcadia. auctoritate, personal influence, from respect for his character. imperio, power, as a recognized monarch.- miraculo: i.e. as an apparently miraculous invention. litterarum: i.e. the art

of writing, which evidently came to the Latins by way of Cumæ, an Æolic colony.

venerabilior: i.e. the power of writing seemed divine, but still more so did the famed origin of Evander. Carmentae: derived from carmen on account of the metrical form of prophecy, and the supposed divine inspiration of poetry; an Italian nymph whose name is preserved in the Porta Carmentalis at the foot of the capitol. There seems to be nothing strange to Livy in an Italian nymph being the mother of a refugee from Arcadia; but the names are doubtless all inventions. Probably the traditional mother of Evander was identified with this Latin prophetess; cf. Aen. VIII. 339; Ov. F. I. 499. fatiloquam: in appo

sition with quam.
Aen. VI. 9, seq.

- Sibyllae: cf.

9. pastorum: cf. 7. trepidantium, crowding around; properly, hurrying hither and thither around Hercules, not venturing to arrest him, but holding him at bay.