8 pacem haberet. Multitudini tamen gratior fuit quam patribus, longe ante alios acceptissimus militum animis; trecentosque armatos ad custodiam corporis, quos Celeres appellavit, non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace habuit.

16 His immortalibus editis operibus cum ad exercitum recensendum contionem in campo ad Caprae Paludem haberet, subito coorta tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque tam denso regem operuit nimbo ut conspectum eius contioni abstulerit; nec deinde in terris 2 Romulus fuit. Romana pubes sedato tandem pavore, postquam ex tam turbido die serena et tranquilla lux rediit, ubi vacuam sedem regiam vidit, etsi satis credebat patribus, qui proximi steterant, sublimem raptum procella, tamen velut orbitatis metu icta maestum aliquam3 diu silentium obtinuit. Deinde, a paucis initio facto, deum deo natum, regem parentemque urbis Romanae salvere universi Romulum iubent, pacem precibus expo

8. tamen i.e. though he showed this divine genius, yet he was not so acceptable to the higher classes. trecentosque: i.e. in fact on these he especially relied as a guard. Celeres: this was the old name of the equites, and Livy probably conceives the guard as cavalry.

DEATH OF ROMULUS; HIS CHAR

ACTER.

16. immortalibus: in reference to the allusions above to his divine origin and the divine character of his actions. contionem: an assembly of the people in their character as warriors, -a character which the assemblies of the people ever maintained more or less. campo: the Campus Martius, as in later times. Livy's traditions, as well as the facts themselves, mingle

the usages of different periods in the development of the city. Caprae Paludem: traditionally located in the prata Flaminia, where afterward was the Flaminian Circus, just west of the Capitol, between that and the river. -fragore: the noise of the thunder only; tonitribus: including also the lightning.

- nimbo: Cicero seems to treat this as an eclipse (Rep. I. 16). — nec, and.... not; the usual meaning.

2. pubes: the regular term for the able-bodied men in military service.

pavore: the sudden alarm of the occasion (cf. metu below, the continuing fear that they should be like orphans deprived of their parent); cf. pavor praesens, 4. – postquam, etc.: cf. 14. 8 n.

3. salvere: i.e. they cried salve, deus deo nate, etc. - universi, they

scunt, uti volens propitius suam semper sospitet progeniem. Fuisse credo tum quoque aliquos qui discerptum 4 regem patrum manibus taciti arguerent: manavit enim haec quoque, sed perobscura fama; illam alteram admiratio viri et pavor praesens nobilitavit.

Et consilio etiam unius hominis addita rei dicitur 5 fides. Namque Proculus Iulius, sollicita civitate desiderio regis et infensa patribus, gravis, ut traditur, quamvis magnae rei auctor in contionem prodit. 'Romulus,' 6 inquit Quirites, parens urbis huius, prima hodierna luce caelo repente delapsus se mihi obvium dedit. Cum perfusus horrore venerabundus adstitissem, petens precibus ut contra intueri fas esset, "Abi, nuntia" inquit 7 "Romanis, caelestes ita velle, ut mea Roma caput orbis terrarum sit; proinde rem militarem colant sciantque et ita posteris tradant, nullas opes humanas armis Romanis resistere posse." Haec' inquit 'locutus sublimis

8 abiit.' Mirum quantum illi viro nuntianti haec fides fuerit, quamque desiderium Romuli apud plebem exercitumque facta fide immortalitatis lenitum sit.

17

Patrum interim animos certamen regni ac cupido versabat. Necdum ad singulos, quia nemo magnopere eminebat in novo populo, pervenerat : factionibus inter a ordines certabatur. Oriundi ab Sabinis, ne, quia post Tatii mortem ab sua parte non erat regnatum, in socie tate aequa possessionem imperii amitterent, sui corporis creari regem volebant; Romani veteres peregrinum 3 regem aspernabantur. In variis voluntatibus regnari tamen omnes volebant, libertatis dulcedine nondum ex4 perta. Timor deinde patres incessit ne civitatem sine

2. sua: we should expect eorum ; but the thought is partially put into the minds of the Sabines, yet not sufficiently to change the mood of the verb.- in societate aequa: i.e. though in a partnership that should be equal. The Latin abounds, especially in later writers, with such indefinite expressions that are to be interpreted by the context.

3. in variis, etc.: i.e. though their views varied, yet all were unanimous for a king (cf. last note); the effect here is produced, however, by the emphatic position of variis and regnari. · tamen: i.e. notwithstanding the want of agree

ment.

4. timor: as opposed to the desire before mentioned. - civitatem, etc. notice the Livian painting by successive strokes: lest, the state being without a ruler, the army without a leader, the feelings of, etc., irritated, they (the country) should be attacked, etc. The items of the description are put in without regard to clear syntax. Whatever can be governed by the verb goes into the accusative, and all the other

imperio, exercitum sine duce, multarum circa civitatium inritatis animis, vis aliqua externa adoriretur. Et esse igitur aliquod caput placebat et nemo alteri concedere. in animum inducebat.

Ita rem inter se centum patres, decem decuriis factis 5 singulisque in singulas decurias creatis qui summae rerum praeessent, consociant. Decem imperitabant, unus cum insignibus imperii et lictoribus erat, quinque 6 dierum spatio finiebatur imperium ac per omnes in orbem ibat, annuumque intervallum regni fuit. Id ab re, quod nunc quoque tenet nomen, interregnum appellatum.

Gr. 203. c. N.

stances.

yet.

5. ita, so, under these circum- rem, the government, as constantly. centum : what became of the other hundred senators (see 13. 5) Livy does not say. Probably in the multitude of varying traditions he didn't know very well himself. decem, etc.: the statement, as near as can be made out of Livy's words, is that the senators shared the regal power, acting ten at a time as a college (cf. the later decemviri). One senator was chosen from and for each decury (singulis IN singulas decurias) as a president of the college and formal sov

one

ereign (qui summae, etc.). There
were ten who had the magisterial
power (imperitabant), but
only who had the insignia. Livy
does not distinctly say, and only
blindly implies, that the college
changed at all. But as Dionysius'
account indicates that it did, we may
presume that Livy conceived the
matter the same way. Neither the
hundred senators of Livy nor the two
hundred of Dionysius (II.57) divided
into decuries holding five days apiece
(quinque dierum spatio) would
make an even year. If, however,
there were three hundred, as is most
likely, a hundred of each great stock,
then two turns would make out a
year of three hundred days. But
the subject is a much mooted one.
-creatis: this word must be used
of the election of the one man who
held the insignia. consociant:
the patres divided the power among
them, holding it, however, only
ten at a time, but all holding it
successively (per omnes in or-
bem).

6. imperium: i... of each decury in turn. ab re, from the fact that it was an interval between two reges. nunc, etc.: the interrex continued to be the

7

Fremere deinde plebs, multiplicatam servitutem, centum pro uno dominos factos; nec ultra nisi regem, et ab 8 ipsis creatum videbantur passuri. Cum sensissent ea moveri patres, offerendum ultro rati quod amissuri erant, ita gratiam ineunt summa potestate populo permissa, 9 ut non plus darent iuris quam detinerent. Decreverunt enim ut, cum populus regem iussisset, id sic ratum esset, si patres auctores fierent. Hodie quoque in legibus magistratibusque rogandis usurpatur idem ius vi adempta: priusquam populus suffragium ineat, in incertum comitiorum eventum patres auctores fiunt.

ΤΟ

Tum interrex contione advocata 'Quod bonum faustum felixque sit,' inquit 'Quirites, regem create: ita patribus visum est. Patres deinde, si dignum qui secundus ab

regular means of passing on the imperium if a consular election for any reason failed, even to the end of the republic.

7. fremere: notice the emphasis: then there were murmurs among the commons. — ultra, any longer; in this sense it seems to be a popular word coming to the surface in later times. — nisi, anything but. ab ipsis: instead of the patres. passuri: see Gr. 293. a. 8. ea moveri: i.e. the revolution implied in nec... passuri. - ita: belonging to the whole clause, but, of course, only a limitation of permissa. populo: loosely used for plebs, with which in later times it became identified for the most part, though often distinguished, as in the phrase populus plebesque Romanus.

iuris, rights.

9. iussisset: the technical term for a vote of the people.—sic... si, only... in case, with its very common force of a limitation. ratum, valid.-patres: here meaning the senate, whether the word is

strictly used or not. — auctores fierent, should ratify; auctor is a voucher or responsible party to an action, and so one who ratifies or makes valid. - rogandis: the technical term for the action of the magistrate who put the question to the people, as iubeo is for their action; see above. ius, form, properly the right which is still formally recognized. — adempta : because the act of the senate was required to be performed beforehand by the lex Publilia in 339 B.C., and about fifty years later by the lex Maenia.— ineat the subjunctive as a part of the intention of the law; cf. 14. 4 n.

: