legatos aspernatus dimiserit, ut in eum omnes expetant huiusce clades belli.'

Haec nuntiant domum Albani. Et bellum utrimque 23 summa ope parabatur, civili simillimum bello, prope inter parentes natosque, Troianam utramque prolem, cum Lavinium ab Troia, ab Lavinio Alba, ab Albanorum stirpe regum oriundi Romani essent. Eventus 2 tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit, quod nec acie certatum est et tectis modo dirutis alterius

urbis duo populi in unum confusi sunt. Albani priores 3 ingenti exercitu in agrum Romanum impetum fecere. Castra ab urbe haud plus quinque milia passum locant, fossa circumdant-fossa Cluilia ab nomine ducis per aliquot saecula appellata est, donec cum re nomen quoque vetustate abolevit. In his castris Cluilius, Albanus rex, moritur, dictatorem Albani Mettium Fufetium creant.

Interim Tullus ferox praecipue morte regis, magnumque deorum numen, ab ipso capite orsum, in omne nomen Albanum expetiturum poenas ob bellum impium dictitans, nocte praeteritis hostium castris infesto exercitu in agrum Albanum pergit. Ea res ab stativis excivit s

dimiserit: indirect question. in eum expetant: a mixture of two constructions, in eum vertant clades and ab eo expetant poenas; cf. expetiturum poenas, 23. 4.—huiusce: for form see Gr. p. 67, footnote.

WAR WITH ALBA.

23. civili: i.e. between fellowcitizens; inter parentes, etc.: still more than fellow-citizens.

2. acie: because only three fought on each side. tectis modo, etc.: without any loss of life.

3. milia: see Gr. 247. c.— -pas

Mettium. Ducit quam proxime ad hostem potest. Inde legatum praemissum nuntiare Tullo iubet, priusquam dimicent, opus esse colloquio; si secum congressus sit, satis scire ea se allaturum quae nihilo minus ad rem 6 Romanam quam ad Albanam pertineant. Haud aspernatus Tullus, tametsi vana adferri rebatur, in aciem educit. Exeunt contra et Albani.

Postquam structi utrimque stabant, cum paucis pro7 cerum in medium duces prodeunt. Ibi infit Albanus: Iniurias et non redditas res, ex foedere quae repetitae sint, et ego regem nostrum Cluilium causam huiusce esse belli audisse videor nec te dubito, Tulle, eadem prae te ferre.. Sed si vera potius quam dictu speciosa dicenda sunt, cupido imperii duos cognatos vicinosque populos 8 ad arma stimulat. Neque recte an perperam interpreHor. tor; fuerit ista eius deliberatio qui bellum suscepit. Me Albani gerendo bello ducem creavere. Illud te, Tulle, monitum velim: Etrusca res quanta circa nos teque maxime sit, quo propior es Tuscis, hoc magis scis. Mul

Gr. 327. a. In this case the subjunctive is necessary on account of the indirect discourse. - opus esse, it was desirable to have; a shade of meaning which opus est often has.

6. vana adferri: i.e. that the proposition to be made was a useless one. in aciem educit: this is not inconsistent with the preceding, because the presence of the two armies would be a natural accompaniment of such a meeting. Cf. 1. 7 stabant: the imperfect with postquam, referring to the beginning of a state of things, is common in Livy; see Gr. 324. a.

7. ex foedere: doubtless some

8. recte an perperam: i.e. rectene stimulet an, etc. - fuerit: i.e. that it is his concern, etc. See Gr. 266 and N. I.- eius: i.e. King Cluilius. - me, etc. : i.e. I have only been chosen to carry on a war already in progress. — illud: cognate accusative; see Gr. 238. b.-monitum: for the construction see Gr. 288. d. and N. - maxime: empha

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tum illi terra, plurimum mari pollent. Memor esto, iam 9 cum signum pugnae dabis, has duas acies spectaculo fore, ut fessos confectosque simul victorem ac victum adgrediantur. Itaque si nos di amant, quoniam non contenti libertate certa in dubiam imperii servitiique aleam imus, ineamus aliquam viam qua utri utris imperent, sine magna clade, sine multo sanguine utriusque populi decerni possit.' Haud displicet res Tullo, quam- 10 quam cum indole animi tum spe victoriae ferocior erat. Quaerentibus utrimque ratio initur, cui et fortuna ipsa praebuit materiam.

Forte in duobus tum exercitibus erant trigemini fra- 24 tres nec aetate nec viribus dispares: Horatios Curiatiosque fuisse satis constat, nec ferme res antiqua alia est nobilior; tamen in re tam clara nominum error manet, utrius populi Horatii, utrius Curiatii fuerint. Auctores utroque trahunt: plures tamen invenio qui Romanos Horatios vocent; hos ut sequar inclinat animus.

2

Cum trigeminis agunt reges ut pro sua quisque patria dimicent ferro: ibi imperium fore unde victoria fuerit. Nihil recusatur, tempus et locus convenit. Priusquam 3 dimicarent, foedus ictum inter Romanos et Albanos est his legibus, ut, cuius[que] populi cives eo cerid

sizing te; i.e. you more than anybody.-terra, mari: as in the regular terra marique; see Gr. 258. d.

9. memor esto: not merely remember, but you must bear in mind; hence the future imperative. — iam cum, just as soon as. —s -spectaculo, etc. the real thought is, they will be on the watch to, etc.- imperent: not only an indirect question, but a deliberative one; see Gr. 334. b. magna: i.e. without the great loss that will be incurred if we fight.

10. fortuna: cf. forte below.

mine vicissent, is alteri populo cum bona pace impe ritaret.

Foedera alia aliis legibus, ceterum eodem modo omnia 4 fiunt. Tum ita factum accepimus, nec ullius vetustior foederis memoria est. Fetialis regem Tullum ita rogavit : Iubesne me, rex, cum patre patrato populi Albani foedus ferire?' Iubente rege, 'Sagmina' inquit 'te, rex, posco.' 5 Rex ait 'Puram tollito.' Fetialis ex arce graminis herbam puram attulit, postea regem ita rogavit: 'Rex, facisne me tu regium nuntium populi Romani Quiritium, vasa comitesque meos?' Rex respondit: 'Quod sine fraude

cunque must be considered colloquial, like its use in Plautus, etc. — cives: i.e. the three champions. cum bona pace, without demur; i.e. on the part of the subject nation. -alia aliis: i.e. whatever the conditions of the compact, the manner of making it is the same.

4. ita, as follows. — ullius, etc.: i.e. this is the earliest of which we have any record. — fetialis: a priest, or one of a college of priests, who, under the protection of religion, like the Greek knput, acted as the means of communication between hostile nations. It is doubtless from books of al of such a college that Livy or his authority gets the formulæ here given. The institution is evidently an old Latin one, said to have come from the Aquiculi (32. 5). — patre patrato: by the account given here this functionary would seem to have been the spokesman and active celebrant of the rites on behalf of the embassy. There is nothing to indicate that he was other than a fetialis. The function seems to have belonged to the whole college, and to have been performed by a temporary chairman. The origin of the participle is uncertain; perhaps it was originally used of one not really the

father of the clan, but made so. — iubente rege: i.e. saying iubeo in answer to the question preceding. sagmina: evidently connected with sancio (sac-men), as the means of making sacred the proceedings, like the olive branch (ikeTnpía) of the

Greeks. It seems to have been used of a particular plant, but what one is uncertain. A special virtue was no doubt assigned to it, as often to many other plants; but with this sacred character is evidently confounded a representative character symbolic of the place of its growth, the Capitoline Hill. — puram, free from (irreligious) taint.

5. graminis herbam, a growing plant of the sacred herb. —regium, etc. as much as of the king of the Roman people, indicating with ritual verbosity the official character of the proceeding.—vasa (co-ordinate with me), utensils; a word derived from common use, like 'traps' or 'baggage,' referring here to the silex, verbena, etc. comites: there seem to have been

three in all, the pater patratus, the verbenarius, and the original fetialis. - fraude, etc., harm to, etc.; an earlier meaning of the word. quod ... fiat, so far as may be; a

mea populique Romani Quiritium fiat, facio.' Fetialis 6 erat M. Valerius. Is patrem patratum Spurium Fusium fecit, verbena caput capillosque tangens. Pater patratus ad ius iurandum patrandum, id est sanciendum fit foedus, multisque id verbis, quae longo effata carmine non operae est referre, peragit. Legibus deinde recitatis, 'Audi,' 7 inquit 'Iuppiter, audi, pater patrate populi Albani, audi tu, populus Albanus: ut illa palam prima postrema ex illis tabulis cerave recitata sunt sine dolo malo utique ea hic hodie rectissime intellecta sunt, illis legibus populus Romanus prior non deficiet. Si prior defexit publico 8 consilio dolo malo, tum tu, ille Diespiter, populum Romanum sic ferito, ut ego hunc porcum hic hodie feriam, tantoque magis ferito quanto magis potes pollesque.' Id ubi dixit, porcum saxo silice percussit. Sua item 9 carmina Albani suumque ius iurandum per suum dictatorem suosque sacerdotes peregerunt.

common proviso, apparently of a religious character, as if it were quoad fas est. For mood see Gr. 320. d.

6. ad ius, etc.: an attempted etymology, possibly the right one; but see above. patrandum: from pater, perhaps originally in a literal sense; cf. pario and 'get.'

car

mine: the regular word for formula as originally in metre. - non operae est, I haven't time; a colloquial expression, as in Plautus; cf. Gell. VI. (VII.) 17. II.

7. populus Albanus: in apposition with tu, hence nominative instead of the expected vocative. — prima postrema: from first to last. The apposition and asyndeton are both formalistic. tabulis cerave, etc.: notice the verbiage of legal and religious style. sine dolo malo,. in good faith.- utique: i.e. et uti. 8. defexit: old form in antique

documents; cf. adclarassis, 18. 9. - publico: to exclude the case of unauthorized individual action which in lawless times often took place. Diespiter: another name for Jove: cf. Zevs Taτhp, and Dyauspita; so dies is from the same root. porcum: the regular antique sacrifice both for expiatory and oath sacrifices.

9. silice a survival of the stone age in religion, as the bronze age survived long after the general use of steel. There may be a symbolism in the stone referring to Jupiter himself, from the same confounding of meteoric stones with lightning, from which comes the idea of the thunderbolt. Cf. Iovem lapidem iurare.

sua: Livy conceives the Albans also as having their own peculiar ritual, though probably the usages he recounts were general Italic ones.