6. quisque is subj. of posset, but the English idiom requires that it should be connected with ostenderet: that each should show what novelty he could.

7. laudis limits certamina.

8. sale: saltwit; urbano sale: neat wit.

10. prolatum foret (= esset), § 67, II.

11. civitatem, used as a collective noun: the citizens.

12. Paullo ante qualifies vacua.

13. constitit, § 57, 1. first note.

14. adjutoribus, § 54, x.: render with no assistants.

15. ipsa: very or mere, § 20, II. near the end.

16. sinum: the pallium was a Greek garment, like a large shawl; it hung in loose folds over the breast, forming a kind of bag, called sinus, bay.

17. sua, sc. voce.

18. verum, sc. porcellum. - pallio, § 51, v.

19. excuti, sc. pallium, § 67, 1. end. —simul, sc. atque: as

•soon as.

21. prosequuntur: i.e., as he leaves the stage.

26 derisuri, § 64, v. 5.

28. plausus: used for the singular, applause, because it expresses many acts.

29. sese, § 52, VI. — vestimentis, § 54, 1.

30. quod refers to porcellum obtigere: as in fact he did. 31. latens: undiscovered.

32. vero, § 51, 1. (dat. com. et incom.): of a real pig, see v. 18.

FABLE XVII (II. 8).

2. venatorum, § 44, 1. 1; subjective genitive.

5. Hic, adverb. — latenti, sc. cervo.

6. cucurreris, § 63, II.

7. spiritum: breath life.

8. vos: you at least, § 49, II.

9. occasione data: when an opportunity is given.

10. vices: the turn, or change.

excipiunt: follows.

14. Nec ille, etc. and he, too, saw nothing.

15. quietis: i.e., which had kept silent. — agere gratias: return thanks.

17. quidem: to be sure.

18. ille, subj. of venerit. — venerit, § 57, III.

21. corruptos: grown thin.—frondis limits parum, § 50, 11. 4. 26. familia: slaves.

FABLE XVIII (APPENDIX, II. 8).

1. rustici, sc. muris, limits cavo.

2. glande, § 54, 1. after cenat.

4. rebus, § 54, VI.

5. The fifth foot is a dactyl, -tūr rěli. — reliquiis, § 54, III. perfruuntur, § 57, III. second note.

16. ferculis: the courses at a meal, i.e., the dishes. — fruamur, § 68, I.

17. rure properly means from the country, but stands here for. ruri, in the country; § 55, шII. and 3, note. 18. qui, subj. of nescis.

19. et connects securum and liberum. 20. tutum vivere is subj. of præstat. 21. carpi: to be worn out.

FABLE XIX (IV. 21).

1. doctus; learned, or, rather, educated.

- quæras, § 60, 2.

2. Simonides, one of the greatest of the Greek poets, born in the island of Ceos, in the sixth century B.C. egregium, from e and grex: one out of the herd, i.e., distinguished for excellence. melos: a Greek noun in the neuter gender; used here for the plural, songs; the English word melody is derived from this.

3 sustineret, § 64, 11.; depends upon cœpit circumire. 4. scan circ'ire. - nobiles, from nosco: well-known or famous.

5. canens: we should say, receiving pay for singing. — victorum, i.e., in the public games, which were established among the Greeks, for races, contests of strength, skill, etc. See Hb. § 112. 9. quam refers to navem, and is governed by dissolvit. 10. medio, § 47, VIII.; the middle of the sea.

12. subsidium, § 46.

13. curiosior: with some curiosity.

14. mecum, § 19, end. — pauci: (only) a few.

17. Clazomenæ: a city in Asia Minor.

21. absentis, sc. Simonidis. maximus, § 17, v. 4.
22. sermone ab ipso: from his very speech.

§ 72, I.

cognitum,

24. ceteri: the rest of the passengers. - tabulam: shipwrecked persons used to carry about a picture representing the shipwreck, and beg alms.

་

JULIUS CESAR.

Caius Julius Cæsar was born B.c. 100, and assassinated B.C 44. For a general account of his character and of his Gallic campaigns, see Latin Lessons, p. 73.

The campaigns of Cæsar in Gaul lasted through eight seasons, B.C. 58-51, and are told in eight books (the last written by Hirtius, an officer of Cæsar), each containing the operations of a single year. The following is a brief outline of these campaigns.

I. Cæsar checks the attempt of the Helvetians to colonize in Western Gaul, and forces them, after a bloody defeat, to return to their own territory (see Latin Lessons). He then engages with a powerful tribe of Germans, who had made a military settlement in Eastern Gaul, and drives them, with their chief Ariovistus, beyond the Rhine.

II. A formidable conspiracy of the northern populations of Gaul is suppressed, with the almost complete extermination of the bravest Belgian tribe, the Nervii, in a battle which seems to have been the most desperate of all Cæsar ever fought. In this campaign, the coast towns of the west and northwest (Brittany) are reduced to submission.

III. After a brief conflict with the mountaineers of the Alps, who attacked the Roman armies on their march, the chief operations are the conquest of the coast tribes of Brittany (Veneti, etc.), in a warfare of curious naval engineering in the shallow tidewater inlets and among the rocky shores. During the season, the tribes of the south-west (Aquitani), a mining population, allied to the Iberians or Basques, are reduced by one of Cæsar's officers.

IV. An attack from the Germans on northern Gaul is repulsed; and Cæsar follows them, by a bridge of timber hastily built, across the Rhine. Returning, he crosses to Britain in the early autumn, for a visit of exploration.

V. The partial conquest of Britain (second invasion) is followed by various movements in northern Gaul, in which the desperate condition of the Roman garrisons is relieved by the prudent and brave conduct of Labienus and Quintus Cicero.

VI. Cæsar makes a brief expedition across the Rhine, against the Germans. Some general disturbances are quelled, and northern Gaul is reduced to peace.

VII. Vercingetorix, a brave and high-spirited chief of southern Gaul, effects a conspiracy of the whole country, which is at length subdued. Vercingetorix, in brilliant equipment, surrenders himself, to secure the quiet of the country, and is taken in chains to Rome, where he is afterwards put to death in Cæsar's triumph.

VIII. Slight insurrections, breaking out here and there, are easily subdued; and the subjugation of Gaul is made complete.

It was the custom of Cæsar, in the intervals of these campaigns, to pass the winter in Italy, or to visit his province of Illyria, keeping himself informed of the political affairs of Rome, and the movements of Pompey, who held the chief power there, and was at one time the sole consul. At the close of the Gallic war, being jealous of Cæsar's power, the party of Pompey required that he should disband his army. This he refused to do, unless Pompey should make an equal surrender of military force. From these demands grew the suspicion of false play on each side, until the Civil War broke out (B.C. 49), and Pompey fled to Greece, where he was defeated the following year at Pharsalia.

The first expedition to Britain was in the fourth year of Cæsar's command in Gaul, B.C. 55. The early part of the summer was occupied with campaigns in Northern Gaul and Germany. It was known to Cæsar that the Gauls received aid, or at least sympathy, from their kindred in Britain; he determined, therefore, although it was too late for a regular campaign, to pay a visit to the island, of which very little was known beyond the fact that it was inhabited, like Gaul,

by Celts. "His object was to obtain a personal acquaintance with the country, its chiefs and people; to thrust himself in some way into their affairs, and establish such relations with them as might afford a convenient pretext for further interference at a future time." (Merivale.)

The Celts of Southern Britain were of the Cymric branch of the race, now represented by the remnants of the early Britons still occupying Wales and Cornwall. It would appear that the Celts of Belgium and Armorica were also Cymric; while the rest of the Gauls, like the inhabitants of Ireland, belonged to the Gaelic branch of this race.

9. contendit, § 58, 1.-bellis § 55, 1.-subministrata, sc. esse, § 34, II.

10. inde, i.e. a Britannia.

11. deficeret, § 57; should be insufficient.

12. usui, § 51, VII. we should say, of great service. — fore has for its subject the substantive clause si... cognovisset.

13. adisset, § 57, ш11.; § 58, 1I.; we should say, should visit. 14. fere does not mean almost (which is prope), but for the most part.

15. Neque; § 43, 10 and 11. — temere, without special object. 16. his ipsis, dat. after notum.

18. Gallias, plural, because of the subdivision into Gallic and Belgic.-vocatis, § 72, 3; having called.

19. neque... neque, neither . . . nor. — esset (§ 67, 1. 1) depends upon reperire.

21. institutis, § 54, III.

22. ad depends upon idonei, § 51, 1., note. majorum navium, i.e., ships of war, etc.

24. cognoscenda, § 73, and IV. - facerat, § 62, II. 1; before running any risk.

27. se refers to the subject of the principal clause, Cæsar. — quam primum, § 17, v. 5, as soon as possible. —revertatur, § 70, I.

12. 1. Morinos: the Morini inhabited Flanders and Artois, just where Gaul is nearest Britain.