12. 3. quam classem, § 48, III., 2d. note. —superiore, former. 4. ad, for; the war with the Veněti, who lived on the coast of Brittany, had been chiefly naval.

5. jubet, § 68, III. sc. classem.

6. per mercatores, § 54, I. end.

7. polliceantur, § 64, 1.; polliceantur is here followed by the pres. inf.; an unusual construction, see § 67, m. and 2.

10. domum, § 55, III. 2.

11. remittit, § 57, II. — Commium; Saulcy is of opinion that these negotiations were not in good faith, and that Commius himself had a secret understanding with the Britons.

12. ibi, i.e., in Atrebatibus; the Atrebates were east of the Morini.

16. possit, § 66, 11. — adeat, § 64, IV. — civitates, § 52, n. 1. 17. fidem, faith, and so a promise of faithful protection; to follow or accept the protection of the Roman people, is to submit themselves to them. se, i.e., Cæsar.

19. quantum, sc. tantum, § 22, 1., as much as. — ei, to one, § 20, II.

20. auderet, § 63, 11. (There is a slight reproach in this subj.).

21. die, § 55, I.

24. vigilia: the Roman night, between sunset and sunrise, was divided, for military purposes, into four watches; the third watch therefore would average 3 A.M.; at this season, somewhat earlier.

solvit, sc. naves. Portus Itius, from which the expedition sailed, is identified by the Emperor Napoleon III. with Boulogne ; by Merivale and Sauley, with Witsand, a village between Boulogne and Calais. Witsand (white sand) was during the middle ages the chief port of embarcation for England; but its harbor is now blocked up with sand. The name Itius is probably connected with itus the harbor for transit.

27. esset, § 62, 1.-hora; the day, between sunrise and sunset, was divided into twelve hours; the fourth hour at this season, would be between 8 and 9 A.M.

30. Cujus, § 48, IV.

31. angustis, i.e., near the shore.

13. 2. The tribuni were the regular commanders of the legion, six to each legion, holding the command for two months in the year (Hb. § 155). They were originally appointed by the commander, but at this time were partly chosen by the people in the comitia of the tribes. The legati were aids of the general, with no regular command; but on account of the inexperience of the tribunes, Cæsar appointed a legatus to command each legion in battle (B. G. 1. 52), and after this time each legion was regularly commanded by a legatus.

4. cognosset, § 66, 1. —ut=as, depending on administrarentur.

5. rei militaris ratio, the rules of military science; ratio, from reor, to calculate, means the process of calculation, and so the rule or principle reasoned out. — maritimae res, naval tactics. 6. ut cum, since; ut is used to strengthen cum.

7. ad nutum et ad tempus form a combined idea, at the very moment of command.

8. administrarentur, § 64, IV.

10. passuum, § 18, 3; the passus, pace, was a little under five feet, so that the thousand paces, or Roman mile, was somewhat shorter than our mile. Hb. § 187.

11. litore, § 54, x. -The fleet had at first arrived opposite Dover; a calculation of the tides shows that in the afternoon of this day the tide made for the East; after doubling the South Foreland, the fleet found itself at the beach of Deal (Merivale).

13. quo genere, i.e., essedariis, those who fought from the essedum, or two-wheeled war-chariot.

14. copiis; exception to § 54, II. Note to " Accompaniment." 15. nostros, 47, III. note. — prohibebant, attempted to pre

vent.

16. magnitudinem, § 54, 1. first note.

17. nisi in alto, except in deep water. — militibus, § 51 vii.; it was necessary for the soldiers to leap down, etc.

18. locis and manibus, 54, x.

20. desiliendum, § 73, 1.

21. hostibus, § 54, 11. third note.

23. conjicerent, § 61, 2.

24. insuefactos, i.e., to going into the water.

25. generis, § 50, 111. 2.

27. uti and utebantur, manifest.

32. tormentis; the Roman armies carried with them engines for hurling stones, darts, &c., so efficient that they may be fairly reckoned as a substitute for modern artillery.

33. quae res, § 48, v.

14. 1. nostris, § 47, III. note, and v. note.

3. constiterunt, were checked. 1). — paulum modo, a very little.

ac, and more than that (§ 43,

5. qui relates to is understood, subj. of inquit. - aquilam, the silver eagle, introduced by Marius as standard of the legion; carried by the chief centurion, or primipilus (Hb. 158).

6. legioni, § 51, 1.

Dativus commodi et incommodi.

7. Desilite, § 58, III. —vultis, § 59, I. II. and note, III. 8. certe, § 41, II. 3.

9. praestitero, § 57, ш.; i.e., will be able to say that I have done my duty.

12. inter se, one another.—universi (uni versi, all turned into one), all with one accord.

13. proximis primis, the nearest ships of the first line.

14. subsecuti. i.e., those on board.

16. Pugnatum est, the battle was fought, or the fight went on, § 39, 5.

18. alius alia ex navi, one from one ship, another from another, § 47, IX.

19. quibuscumque, § 21, i. note; its antecedent is iis (signis) understood, depending on aggregabat.

26. speculatoria navigia; swift boats, used for exploring and reconnoitring.

27. quos... his, § 48, III. end. Notice the use of the imperfect tense through this description, indicating that these circumstances took place again and again.

28. simul, sc. atque, as soon as, § 43, 9.

30. neque potuerunt, but were not able.

31. insulam capere, reach the island; the transports containing the cavalry had been detained.

15. 3. The omission of the conjunction et [after miserunt] is very common.—imperasset stands for imperaverit (fut. perf.) in Oratio Recta; it becomes plup. subj. by § 57 (after polliciti sunt) and § 67, II. (after facturos esse).—facturos, § 67, III. 2. 5. quem, § 52, VI.

7. oratoris modo, in the character of an ambassador. 9. in petenda pace, § 73, v.

11. ut ignosceretur, sc. iis, that pardon should be given them, § 51, III. second note; ignosco governs the dat. (ut ignosceret iis), and therefore cannot be used personally in the pass.; ut ignoscerentur would be bad Latin.

14. intulissent, after quod, § 63, 1. —ignoscere, sc. se, § 67, I. end.

15. imperavit, sc. iis, demanded of them, § 51, III. end. quorum, 50, п. 1.

16. arcessitam, which had to be fetched, § 72, 1.

21. post... quam, § 56, ш.; it might also be die quarto postquam; see § 55, 1. note.

23. supra, § 56, II. end; see p. 12.

25. ex superiore portu, the cavalry had sailed from a point eight miles east of that from which the infantry had started. 27. earum, § 50, 11. 2.-posset, § 65, 1. - aliae ... aliae, § 22, 11.

29. occasum, § 56, II. 1.

30. sui, § 19, 11. and III.; § 50, III.; to themselves. nocte, § 54, X., although the night was unfavorable.

adversa

32. ut esset, § 70, I.; this full moon has been determined by astronomical calculations to have been on the night of August 30.

33. æstus; it will be remembered that there are no tides in the Mediterranean, so that this phenomenon was strange and appalling to the Romans.

16. 2. transportandum curaverat, had had the army conveyed.

7. essent, § 63, III.

11. Neque; it is often best in translating to divide this word (= et non), and join the negative with some other word; for on the one hand there were no other, etc.

11. possent, § 65, IV. 2.

13. constabat, it was an established fact; its subjeet is hiemari... oportere; that of oportere is hiemari in Gallia. 14. his in locis; the preposition often stands after the first word it governs, when this is a pronoun agreeing with a noun.

20. hoc, § 54, 1.; for this reason.

22. factu, § 74, 11.

principes.

duxerunt, thought, has for its subject,

24. res has a great variety of meaning in different connections; here hostilities.

25. inferendi, § 73, III. first note.

31. eventu, fate.

ex eo quod, from this (the fact), that.

32. id is subject of fore.

33. suspicabatur, began to suspect.

17. 3. earum, § 48, 1. top of p. 58.

6. administraretur, § 63, III.

7. reliquis... posset, § 70; a substantive clause governed by effecit.

9. frumentatum, § 74, 1, - neque, § 43, 1. note.

10. belli, § 50, ш. 1.

12. ventitaret, § 36, III.

14. quam consuetudo ferret, than was customary. 15. partem, 48, III.

16. consilii, § 50, 11. 3; some new design.

17. The cohort was the tenth part of a legion, containing six hundred men (Hb. 158); one cohort was posted at each of the four gates of the camp (Hb. 160).

26. dispersos... occupatos, while they were scattered, etc. 28. incertis ordinibus, § 54, x. expressing the reason. 32. equorum, § 50, 1.

33. insinuaverunt, § 57, III.

18. 3. ita... ut, in such a way that.—illi, the warriors. 6. præstant, they display or unite.

8. incitatos, at full speed. — brevi, in a moment.

11. rebus, under these circumstances. — nostris, § 51, II.

18. occupatis, while our men were busy, so that they could not attend to matters, the country-people [see p. 17, 1. 11] left their homes, and got out of their reach.

20. dies, § 55, I.

21. continerent, § 65, 1.; such as kept, &c.

25. sui, § 73, II. note.

30. The substantive clause ut.

...

effulgerent is in apposition

with idem, which is the subject of fore.

19. 3. spatio, § 55, II. end.

10. æquinoctii; the season of the equinox is usually stormy. 15. eosdem quos, the same as. — - reliquæ, sc. ceperunt.