The first invasion of Britain was only a reconnoissance; the following summer, B.C. 54, Cæsar determined upon a regular invasion of the country. The early part of the season was spent in some unimportant operations, and meanwhile his lieutenants had been preparing a strong fleet of war ships and transports. July 20, according to the Emperor Napoleon III., he sailed from the Portus Itius; both startingpoint and landing-place were the same as the year beforeBoulogne or Witsand, and Deal.

21. Africo, the south-west wind blew from Africa to Italy. 24. secutos, following, i.e., in consequence of.

27. fuit laudanda, § 40, II.

28. vectoriis, ablative absolute, although, etc.; long ships of war were of course swifter than the transports.

20. 3. quæ, of which. — octingentæ, § 54, v. note.

12. præsidio, § 51, v.; navibus, § 51, 1. note; depending on præsidium; over the guard for (or of) the ships. — Q., § 85. 13. milia, § 55, II.

19. belli, § 54, 1. second note. - ut videbatur, as it seemed. 20. succisis, § 72, 2; by felling thick timber, so as to make an abattis.

21. Ipsi rari, a few of them, a few being sufficient.

23. The testudo (so called from its resemblance to the shell of a tortoise) was formed by a close body of men who held their shields over their heads, overlapping in such a way, like the shingles on a roof, as to form an unbroken surface, and an almost complete protection against the enemy. Under this they were able to approach very near the enemy's works, and carry on their own engineering.

26. eos, the soldiers.

governs fugientes.

longius qualifies prosequi, which

30. diei, § 50, end. -tripertito, derived from tres and partio; the common spelling is tripartito.

33. extremi, the hindmost of the enemy.

21. 4. subsisterent, i.e., as they said, § 63, I.; this is one of the rare cases in which the imp. subj. may be best rendered could.

etc.

13. viderentur; we should say, it appeared that the rest could, fabros: each legion had with it a number of workpeople. 14. Labienus was Cæsar's best officer, who had command in Gaul during Cæsar's absence in Britain; in the civil war he joined the faction of Pompey.

15. legionibus, § 54, 1. sunt: § 66, we might expect the indicative by 66, II.; but the statement is considered as an independent one, not a part of the subjunctive clause.

17. operæ, § 50, I. 2.—§ 54, II. end.— commodissimum, 47, iv. (3).

19. ne... quidem, § 41, 11. 5.

20. ad, in relation to, or for.

27. Cassivellaunus (the Roman orthography for the British or Welsh Cadwallon) was chief of the tribes about London, and to the North; his chief city was probably St. Albans.

29. Huic, § 51, v.

22. 1. connect ipsa with insula, and memoria with proditum. 10. plumbum album, i.e. tin.

15. fas is that which is permitted by the laws of God.
17. quam, § 17, v. 2. - frigoribus, the seasons of cold.
19. alter, one of the two; the correlative is inferior.
20. Cant-ium, Kent, the south-east corner of England.

22. Alterum; Cæsar supposed the western coast of England to be opposite Spain.

24. dimidio, § 54, v. end.

25. pari spatio transmissus, of an equal length of passage, § 54, II., ablative of description or quality.

26. atque, as, following pari, 43, 9.

27. Mona, probably Man; the same name was given also to Anglesea.

28. objectæ; lying opposite to one, i.e., on the passage.

29. dies; a true report from the high northern latitudes is ignorantly applied to the Orkney and Shetland Islands.

31. nisi, except that. certis ... mensuris, by accurate measurements by the water-clock, or clepsydra.

23. 3. maxime, in general.

4. These distances are all considerably more than the air-line. 12. vitro, woad, a plant used for dyeing blue.

14. capillo and parte are abl. of description or quality, § 54, II. 18. fuerint, § 57, 1. first note.

26. atque iis, and these too; the first cohort of each legion was made up of picked men, and stood higher in rank than the others.

27. inter se belongs with intermisso; the object of this close order was to prevent the essedi from penetrating between the cohorts. constitissent, § 61, 2.

29. perruperunt, i.e. the enemy.

30. Q. Laberius Durus, § 15.

31. submissis, sent up, i.e., sent as aid.

24. 1. pro, in front of, not in defence of. 4. esse, were, § 57, iv.

9. Equestris, etc.; moreover, the mode of fighting with horses (i.e., for chariots) brought precisely the same peril upon them when retreating as well as when pursuing.

11. Accedebat huc ut, besides; the subject of accedebat is ut, etc., § 70, I.; literally, there was added to this, that.

12. stationes, relays.

13. deinceps exciperent, relieved one after the other.

21. signis legionibusque, i.e., they followed the foragers quite to the main army.

31. consilio, i.e., of not coming again to a general engagement. 33. atque hoc ægre, and that with difficulty.

25. 2. instructas is here a participle, not an infinitive, § 34,

II. end.

3. præfixis, driven in in front of the bank.

8. "The swimming and fording of rivers were among the regular exercises of the Roman legionary. Though immersed up to his chin in water, he was expert in plying his hatchet against the stakes which opposed his progress, while he held his buckler over his head not less steadily than on dry land. Behind him a constant storm of stones and darts was impelled against the enemy from the engines which always accompanied the Roman armies" (Merivale).

9. The cavalry did not form a part of the legion, but were Gallic auxiliaries.

15. servabat, watched.

road.

ex via excedebat, kept out of the

24. discedi, § 39, 5; that any one should depart.

26. hostibus, § 51, III. second note.

29. his, the inhabitants of Kent.

30. castra navalia, see p. 21. — de improviso, unexpectedly.

-

26. 7. extrahi; dragged out, wasted.

8. in annos singulos, each year. 13. deductis, launched.

15. commeatibus, passages.

vectigalis, § 50, 11. 3.

17. tot navigationibus, ablative absolute, although, etc.

The passage from the Sixth Book of the Gallic War, describing the people of Gaul and Germany, is one of the earliest and most important sources of information in regard to these races.

27. 9. redeat, § 64, 1. shall be referred.

10. ne...
11. auxilii, § 50, IV. 5.
12. faciat, § 59, IV. 3.

egerent, § 70; in apposition with ejus rei.

- egeret, § 57, I. second note.

14. summa, the constitution.

15. The passage omitted speaks of the two great factions of Gaul, at the head of one of which had stood the Ædui, of the other the Sequani; in this contest the Ædui had succeeded in getting upon their side the decisive influence of Rome.

18. loco, in the position.

19. nullo... consilio, are summoned at no consultation, i.e.. are consulted upon no occasion; in English, the collective noun common people requires a plural verb. ære alieno, another's money, i.e., debt

22. in hos, over these, i.e., plerique.

23. duobus; see line 17.

25. religiones, the doctrines of religion.

28. eos, the Gauls.

dominis (sc. sunt).

30. admissum, committed; a frequent meaning of this word. 32. si qui, § 21, III. end; the usual form would be quis, when used without a noun, § 21, II.

33. decreto, § 54, 1., in accordance with their decision. sacrificiis, § 54, vI. sc. eos, they forbid them the sacrifices. 28. 5. incommodi limits quid.

12. Carnūtum, a tribe south-west of Paris, in the neighbourhood of Chartres and Orleans; this part of France abounds at the present day in druidical remains.

16. Brittannia; this is taken as a proof of the Cymric origin of Druidism. reperta, § 67, IV. 1; it might equally well be disciplinam repertam esse.

--

22. immunitatem, freedom from burdens (munus burden). 23. præmiis, privileges.

27. litteris mandare, commit to writing.

28. rationibus, relations.

cum, although.

30. in vulgus efferri, to be divulged to the public.

31. velint, § 63, 1.; it is the consideration which led to instituisse. — litteris confisos, by trusting to documents.

29. 1. hoc, 51, III. end (sc. iis); persuade them of this.

2. ab aliis, etc.; this is the doctrine of metempsychosis, or the transmigration of souls.

4. maxime excitari, § 67, IV. 2, that there is the chief incitement to virtue.

11. uti ... propulsarent, in apposition with quod.

13. versantur, occupy or devote themselves.

14. ambactos; this word is perhaps of Celtic origin, and means retainers.

23. reddatur, § 66, II.

30. sint, § 69, note.

33. Deum, § 10, 6.

Mercurium; i.c., the god who possessed the attributes of the Roman Mercury; his Gallic name was Teutates.

30. 8. initia, the first knowledge.

16. auderet, § 57, III. end.

18. ab Dite patre, § 54, vII. note; Dis is usually identified with the Greek Pluto, the god of the lower world; it is a curious fact that both words mean rich.

19. Ob eam causam; because the race came from the dark lower world into the light.

21. noctium; as in our fortnight, se'nnight. — finiunt, limit, and so reckon.

30. communicant, they join with or add to.

31. conjunctim, etc., a joint account is kept. — fructus, the interest.

32. utriusque, possessive genitive.

31. 1. vitæ, etc.; this was also the case, in Rome.

4. de uxoribus, etc., they examine their wives after the man

ner of slaves; i.e., by torture.

5. compertum est, impersonal, if anything is proved. 7. pro, considering.