After his return from the Indian expedition, Alexander was deeply afflicted by the loss of his friend Hephaestion; at whose funeral obsequies he indulged in unmeasured revel and intoxication, followed by a violent fever. It was soon manifest that he could not recover, and the soldiers were admitted to see him for the last time.

25. Intuentibus, § 51, 1. note; it is nearly equivalent to a genitive, and may be so rendered.

27. lectum, governed by circumstantium, § 52, 11. 2.

78.

1. illud ultimum, § 52, IV., for the last time.

2. debito, § 54, vI., debt.

6. ad Hammonen; the temple of Jupiter Hammon is in Libya. 29. quoddam, as it were.

79. 11. Bella civilia; in fact, bloody wars followed, which lasted for many years, until the empire of Alexander had been shared among his generals.

13. de rege, who should be king.

15. missione, discharge.

30. imperaret, § 65, iv. 1. —ipsis, § 51, шII.

80. 2. matrem: Sisygambis, the mother of Darius, who had been treated with the greatest courtesy and honor by the conqueror.

6. cui, § 51, III.; nubo means to veil, and so to veil for a man, i.e., marry him. — proprias, her own, private.

11. miseræ, § 47, 1. — § 51, viii.

13. Quem, § 52, vi. — puellarum, § 50, III.

18. Artaxerxes III., Ochus, her brother, son of Artaxerxes II., had murdered all his brothers, according to the oriental fashion, that he might have no rivals.

26. Magnum agrees with documentum; Alexandro, aster est understood.

28. sustinuisset vivere, had endured to live.

31. naturæ fuisse, belonged to his nature, § 50, 1. note.

81. 6. ut, although; ita, yet; a frequent use of these words. 7. juveni, § 51, 2.-jam, moreover.

8. quorum, § 47, II. (2); relatives follow the same rule as adjectives.

14. Illa, the following.

17. mutare, § 24, v. 3.

26. statuit, sc. Fortuna.

30. diffudit; this refers to the division of his empire.

CORNELIUS NEPOS.

CORNELIUS NEPOS was an historian and biographer of the time of Cicero. The volume of Lives of Illustrious Commanders which passes under his name (excepting the life of Atticus, and perhaps that of Cato, which are genuine), is at best only an abridgment of his writings.

Carthage was a great commercial city in Africa, a Phœnician colony, situated near the present site of Tunis. In B.C. 264 it engaged in a war with Rome, which had just then made itself sovereign of Italy. After three obstinate wars, called the three Punic Wars (Pœnus Phoenician), Carthage was destroyed, B.C. 146. The First Punic War (ending B.C. 241) had resulted in giving to Rome the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. To make good their losses, the Carthaginians took possession of Spain, which was governed for some years by Hamilcar, as governor. Some time after his death, his son Hannibal succeeded to the government, and proved the ablest and bitterest enemy that Rome ever had.

82. 6. ut superarit; § 57, I.; 70, II. The usual construction after verum est is the accusative with the infinitive. - cum eo, i.e., populus Romanus. — quod nisi, § 52, IV., unless then. 16. erga usually expresses a friendly feeling. — qui refers to Hannibal; and indeed he. — cum Romanis, § 54, II. third rem.

20. Philip V., king of Macedonia, made war upon the Romans during and after the Second Punic War. Antiochus was the king of Syria, with whom Hannibal took refuge after his banishment. Rubro mari; this was the Indian Ocean with its gulfs. darent operam, employ.

27. read tamquam eum (understood); on the ground that he, &c.; tamquam often has this meaning in late writers: eum is subject of sentire; alia atque, § 43, 9; the subjunctives that follow, fecissent and vidisset, like venissent, follow cum

83. 6. annos, § 54, v. note. — Karthagine, § 55, 1. 1.

31. fœderatam, i.e., to the Romans: this was B.C. 219.

84. 6. The legends made Hercules to have gone on an expedition to Spain; Graius, Greek; the real origin of the name of the Graian Alps (those about the Little St. Bernard) is unknown.

9. muniit, constructed, engineered.—ornatus, equipped, laden. 15. Clastidi, § 10, 4; Clastidium was a town south of the Po, which was betrayed to Hannibal: the statement here is incorrect, as the skirmish in which Scipio was wounded was on the river Ticinus. manum conseruit, joined battle: the battle on the Trebia, B.C. 218, was the first important engagement; the victory on Lake Thrasymenus, in Etruria, was in B.C. 217; The third and overwhelming victory at Canna was B.C. 216. — Cannensi, § 44, IV. 6. Paulus was father of the distinguished Lucius Æmilius Paulus, and grandfather of Publius Scipio Africanus the younger, who destroyed Carthage.

33. pugna pugnata, § 52, 1. end.

85. 3. Capua was the chief city of Campania, the second city in - The Italy; it had joined Hannibal after his victory at Cannæ. dictator was a magistrate appointed for six months with unlimited power; the next in command to him was the magister equitum.

7. dedit verba, a colloquial expression for imposed upon; the use of colloquialisms is characteristic of this writer. — ejus generis, i.e., juvencorum.

12. non ita multis, not very many.

15. Tiberius Gracchus was grandfather of the famous tribunes; Marcellus was called the sword of Rome, from his courage; Fabius, the shield, from his prudence. — iterum, a second time. - sustulit, from tollo, he took off, i.e., killed.

24. defensum, § 74, 1. Publius Cornelius Scipio was called Africanus from his victories in Africa. — congrederetur, § 64, II. The battle of Zama was B.C. 202.

86. 10. This was B.C. 200. — his magistratibus, either § 54, X. or § 55, - Fregellæ was an important town in Italy.

I.

26. Karthagini, § 7, 7; § 55, III. 3. reges: the correct name of these magistrates was suffētes.

31. in ærario, § 56, I. 1, note.

87. 10. Cyrenæ is the modern Barca, west of Egypt. It was a Grecian colony. - Antiochi, § 50, I.

- cui; Antiochus.

20. scriptum agrees with the clause a... eum.

27. The island of Rhodes was at this time a very important maritime power. quo, sc. prœlio.

31. Antiochus was vanquished by Lucius Scipio, in the battle of Magnesia, B.C. 190. Cretam; names of small islands follow the rules of names of towns: § 55, III.

25. Prusias was King of Bithynia, a country on the northern coast of Asia Minor; Pontus was further east. -Eumenes was king of Pergamum, and his dominions comprised most of the west coast of Asia Minor; he was a sagacious king and a patron of literature and art, and maintained a close alliance with the Romans.

30. colligi, § 68, III. note.

89. 2. a ceteris follows defendere.—id, i.e., se defendere.se facturum, he would bring it about, governs ut scirent, etc.

11. The caduceus, or rod of Hermes, was the badge of a herald. — suis, dative. This absurd story is one of the many that were fabricated in relation to this great man.

28. cœpta sunt, § 38, 1. 1.

90. 4. Lucius Quinctius Flamininus was the Roman general who overthrew Philip, king of Macedon, B.C. 197.

8. Patres conscripti, the senators: the original patrician senators were called patres, and the plebeians added to the senate were called conscripti. — existimarent, § 63, II.

12. suum and sibi refer to the Romans, se to Prusias; an unusual inconsistency. The laws of hospitality were held in

peculiar honor among the ancients.

20. usu, by experience, in fact.

The year of the death of Hannibal is uncertain: we have given the usually assumed, B.C. 183, date.

SALLUST.

CAIUS SALLUSTIUS CRISPUS (also spelled Salustius) was born B.C. 86, at Amiternum, in the Sabine country, and died B.C. 34. He was an earnest partisan of Cæsar; and the aim of his historical writings was to depict the corruption and inefficiency of the governing classes at Rome, in a manner to justify the revolution accomplished by Cæsar. As an historian he has many merits, but is very inaccurate in details. "His chronology is confused; his description of the military operations is sometimes unintelligible; he often omits the names of places, when the names would be the only means of making the story clear. He does not tell us which way the armies are moving, and gives us no notion of distances, and generally a very vague description of the ground... If we overlook its defects as a military history, we must allow that Sallust has sketched in a rapid and lively way the career of the bold Numidian adventurer, from the time of his service under Scipio in Spain to his capture by a Roman more cunning and more treacherous than himself." (Long.)

His

The character of Sallust was not altogether above reproach, and he seems to have shared in the vices he condemns. great historical work, the history of his own times, is lost; and there only remain of his works, besides a few fragments, the brief accounts of the war with Jugurtha, and the Conspiracy of Catiline.

In the Second Punic War, Hannibal was finally overthrown by Scipio Africanus in the battle of Zama, B.C. 202. This victory was largely due to the aid contributed by Masinissa, king of eastern Numidia (now Algiers), who remained after this time a steady and serviceable ally of the Roman people, until his death, B.C. 148. The events between his death and the outbreak of the war in 110, are briefly narrated by Sallust in the passages which follow. 91. 9. Africano, § 51, vi. note.-facinora, from facio, means deeds, but is commonly used in the meaning of evil deeds, crimes.

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