103. 4. insidiis, etc., depends upon credere.-Caius Marius was a soldier of low birth and no education, who by courage and ability had risen to a high military position, and who afterwards became a dictator in the state. - legatus, see note on p. 13, 1. 2. - tribunis, § 51, II. -The legions of the Roman army, commanded by tribunes, are contrasted with the cohorts of the Italian allies, commanded by præfecti. The Roman legion was divided into maniples, combined afterwards into cohorts by Marius (Hb. § 158); although even at this time a combination of three maniples was called a cohort (see page 106, line 32).—velites, lightarmed troops.

16. Vacca, a town south-west of Utica.. - forum, a market town; the regular term for a class of towns larger than mere villages. — celebratum, frequented. simul, et; both, and.. si paterentur, whether they would endure, depends upon tentandi. 26. modo, even.

33. composuit, compared; this word may also be followed by the dative.

104. 12. Muthul; the position of this river is doubtful. tractu pari, parallel; vastus, barren. -ex eo medio, i.e., from the middle of the mountain range, which Metellus was crossing. The hill stretched to the river, at right angles to both river and mountain. -humi, § 50, 11. 3.

20. transvorso itinere, at right angles; iter here means direction. -montem, § 56, II. 1. — cum, consisting of.-Turma was the name for the subdivisions of cavalry; the maniples were of infantry these were properly Roman terms.—illis, the Romans. - quæ, etc.; refers to omnia; every thing which it becomes a commander to see to.. - prudentes cum imperitis, as those forewarned with those taken by surprise.

:

105. 13. neque, et tamen, one the one hand not, and yet.— plane, entirely. — incerti agrees with equi Numidæque; esset is attracted to agree with its predicate quidnam; indistinguishable what it was that was seen. cum tum, § 43, 8.- obscurati agrees with ipsi, taking the masculine in preference to the neuter, although referring also to signa.

16. commutatis ordinibus. The account of Metellus's manœuvres is very confused and blind; it appears to be somewhat as follows. He drew up his army in line of battle, facing the

right (in dextro latere), for the enemy were on that flank, below; the regular order for battle was in three lines, triplicibus subsidiis (Hb. § 156). Then they must wheel, transvorsis principiis, and face the river, in order to descend into the plain.

25. Publius Rutilius Rufus was one of the most virtuous men of the day. He was afterwards unjustly banished on a false charge of oppressing the citizens of Asia, in which province he had served as official. - transvorsis præliis, attacks on the flank. - pro re atque loco, agreeably to circumstances and the nature of the ground.-principes, in the van.

106. 1. primos, i.e., the first to whom the Romans came. quasi, about. adesse is frequently used with the meaning come up.-ludificati, eluded; then in consequence eminus sauciabantur. — copia, opportunity. — priores: superiores, i.e., the Numidians; hostis, the Romans. - fuerant agrees with the nearer subject. - ea, in this direction, § 55, IV.

22. a suis belongs with dispersi, separated from their com- die, genitive, an old form.

rades.
107. 3. illis, the Romans.
16. die, § 50, II. 4.

- eorum, the Numidians.

- quos, i.e., the enemy.

- advorso colle evadunt, charge up the (2). — quietus, i.e., Bomilcar. - ubique = et ubi. accepit, he learned.

hill. — tutata, § 47, 11.

33. pulveris vim. "It is amusing to find in this Latin expression the exact equivalent of a familiar Americanism." (Butler.) 108. 16. [victoria]; a word thus enclosed in brackets is a doubtful reading. — amplius opinione, longer than their expectation. inter se, from one another, that is the main army under Metellus and the detachment of Rutilius; alteri apud alteros, each with the other party. — admissum, sc. erat, committed, § 59, IV. 2. note. "This was a battle which testified as unmistakably to Jugurtha's rare military talent, as to the inexhaustible bravery of the Roman infantry, which alone had turned the strategic defeat into a victory." (Mommsen.)

66

30. quatriduo, § 55, 1. 2.—meritos, those who have done good service.

109.

how.

3. Jugurtha... gereret is object of exploratum. — ut, ―ea gratia, on this account. ·ex fuga, after flight. 15. ex illius lubidine, according to his pleasure, i.e., Jugurtha's; that of Metellus would be sua. -suos; subject of vincere. prædam, in app. with omnia, predicate after esse.

27. pugnatum, § 72, 2. — quippe does not belong with cujus, but is used with is understood, since he whose, &c. sua loca, the battle-ground chosen by himself. ex copia, as circumstances

demanded.

110. 5. sicuti follows discedunt.

These events were followed by desultory warfare; a siege of Zama by Marius proved unsuccessful, and Metellus undertook a renewal of negotiations; partly openly with the king, partly intriguing with his officers to betray him. The war seemed to be at a stand-still.

11. agitabat, § 69, note. ageret, § 67, II. 1.—præter, except. — belli, § 55, III. Arpinum was a town in the valley of the Liris, south-east of Rome, where Cicero was also born. Græca facundia; the Greeks were at this time the chief instructors in rhetoric. — tribunatum; the military tribunes were originally appointed by the general, afterwards in part elected by the people; the election was in the comitia of the tribes (Hb. § 142). —ab eo magistratu, from that magistracy; the military tribunate was not strictly a magistracy, but Marius was prætor, B.C. 115. — ad id locorum, to this point (of time), opposed to postea. 111. 17. per negotia publica; a frequent use of per; when public interest should permit. - filio; this was Quintus Metellus Pius, consul B.C. 80; Marius was now forty-eight years old. contubernio; it was customary for young Romans to learn war by going upon the staff of the commander in an active campaign. 29. criminose, captiously. — trahi, § 67, Iv. 2.

112. 8. regi, § 51, VIII. note; it is really a dative com. et incom. (§ 51, 1. note), in the eyes of the king.—suspiciens, suspecting; an unusual meaning of the active; the passive frequently means suspected. majoribus, greater affairs.superaverant, had remained over; i.e., were more than Jugurtha could attend to. 18. posceret, § 66, 1. - jussus, sc. a Jugurtha.

24. socii, § 50, I.-converteret, i.e., Nabdalsa; that he should not be punished instead of rewarded. After juravisset, understand monere, which stands in some editions. —sua, their. 113. 18. scelere, § 56, 1. 2. This use of super is more common in later writers.

32. quorum limits plerosque, ceteri, pars, and alii.

114. 1. Bocchus was king of Mauretania, west of Numidia. - in dies, day by day. — fide, dat. — ceteri ejus omnes, "the rest of the soldiers all." (Long.)—ferme, for the most part.

23. filiorum limits pueritiæ, which limits cultus, care. 33. domiti pecoris, trained cattle, § 50, 11.

115. 1. eo, upon these; a frequent use of adverbs of place, referring to persons.

ea modo, this alone.

6. quam, § 48, II. - sicuti, etc., as those newly surrendered are wont. — religione, from superstition. – pluvia, sc. aqua, § 54, vII.

21. infectum, impracticable. — uno die, § 54, v. an exception to the following remark. —talia capi; a consideration in the mind of Jugurtha, and for this reason taking the acc. with the inf. -ex copia, as circumstances permitted.

116. 3. reliquum fieri, left undone. arietibus; the battering ram was a swinging beam with a metal ram's-head, with which the walls were butted, and so gradually broken to pieces. —ab hostibus belongs with metuerant.

After these reverses, Jugurtha took refuge with his fatherin-law, Bocchus, king of Mauretania, and a new war seemed to threaten. Meanwhile Marius was elected consul for B.C. 107; against the bitter opposition of the nobles, and by a vote of the people, he was given the province of Numidia, which the senate had before decreed to Metellus. It is not possible to determine whether he actually took command in the year of his consulship; his active operations were mainly in the following year, B.C. 106.

-

-

20. spolia, § 46. quæ, § 54, VII. note. - populis et regibus. i.e., foreign.—sociis, i.e., Italian.—militiæ, in service, § 55, III. 3, qualifies cognitos; most he knew personally, a few by reputation. — stipendium is the term for a soldier's pay, and came afterwards to mean the time of service for which the pay was received; emereri stipendium is therefore "to serve out the time,” and those who were stipendiis emeritis (§ 54, II. the participle here used passively, § 35, 1.7.) were those who had served out their time as soldiers. - plebi, sc. esse; it was thought that service was not acceptable to the people. —usum, the requisites.

117. 10. Quirites was the title borne by the Romans as citizens, and used in public addresses.-inperium = imperium; an unusual number of archaic spellings occur in this speech of Marius. subplicis supplices. setsed. — quo, § 54, v. end. pluris, § 54, IX. 1.'— The subject of debere is illam, etc.

66

17. vostro benificio (bene-), your favor. — nolis, one is unwilling; the second person singular is often used for an indefinite subject. - opinione asperius, more painful than you can suppose." (Long.) — nobilitas, facta, etc. are subject of adsunt. cognati, were blood relatives; adfines, connections by marriage. - clientele; the clients were persons who were personally and especially attached to some nobleman, called patron. (Hb. § 128.)

...

27. illud is commonly used rather than hoc or id when a following clause (omnium . . . esse) is in apposition. — reipublicæ, dat. of advantage. — invadendi, sc. me. — capiamini, i.e., in the net.illis, § 51, Iv.

118. 8. veteris prosapiæ, of old stock; an old-fashioned word used by Marius in derision. -imaginum: it was the privilege of the nobility to keep waxen images of their ancestors in their halls; these were carried in funeral processions.

13. qui, men who. — præposteri, placing that first which should be last. gerere is the subject of est. tempore, in time. - re

atque usu, in action and experience.

22. Quamquam at the beginning of a sentence should be rendered, and yet. -fortissimum quemque generosissumum, whoever is brave, and in proportion to his bravery is also well born; this is the peculiar force of quisque with the superlative. posset, § 59, iv. 2. maluerint is used, in violation of the sequence of tenses, to express the time of the question. - faciant idem, i.e., let them despise their own ancestors; for every founder of a new house was himself a new man.

33. hos, i.e., honores; they live as if they cared nothing for honors, but are as greedy for them as if their lives were honorable. Ne, verily.falsi, deceived.

119. 6. cujus rei, i.e., nobility.

13. velint, § 59, Iv. 2. — compositam, well-arranged. — cum, since.-modestiam, etc., should construe my modesty as consciousness of guilt. ex animi sententia, as I am convinced. - bene prædicent, speak well of, sc. ut. - falsa, obj. of superant.