19. quamvis properly means however much, and takes the subj. by § 61, 2; but in the later writers it was used for quamquam, although, with the indic. - transsiluisse; when Remus jumped over his brother's walls in derision, he was killed by his brother. - pater, Romulus. - credor, § 67, Iv. 1.—anno, dative.

--

29. et tamen, not but that; Mars was in the earliest times the chief god of Latium. — hoc; the supremacy of Mars.

33. totidem kalendas; the Roman year originally consisted of only ten months. - mensibus, § 54, v. end. — facundum, eloquent, from fā-ri, to speak and termination cundus. — pila; the pilum, a short heavy javelin, was the distinctive Roman

weapon.

39. They had not yet noticed that twelve moons made a sidereal year. — signa; a play upon this word, which in verse 41 means constellations, and in the next military standards. — tenebant, observe. — fœno, § 54, 1., here expressing material: the first standard was a wisp of hay.

47. animi, § 50, 1. 4. ratione, not reason, but reasoning. — mensibus decem, § 54, v. end: the lustrum was a period of four years; but here, and in a few other cases, it is considered to have been five years, — an irregularity which " may probably be traced to the irregularity with which the sacrifice of the 'lustrum' was performed." (Ramsay.)

52. Pompilius; Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, who was invited from Cures, a Sabine town. To him most of the religious institutions of the city are ascribed. -deductus; this word means escorted with ceremony. hoc, § 52, I. (1) note. - Samio: Pythagoras, a philosopher of Samos, taught the transmigration of souls; he lived, however, a long time after the alleged reign of Numa. - Egeria, a nymph, was fabled to have been the wife of Numa, and to have taught him much wisdom. 55. errabant; the year consisted of 355 days, and it was the rule that every other year a month was intercalated, of alternately 23 and 22 days. This intercalation was left, however, to the caprice of the pontifices; and the result was a degree of uncertainty and confusion, to which we can find no parallel in the history of a civilized people. . . . Accordingly, when Cæsar became dictator, the year was about two months in advance of the seasons.

66

To take a single example. Cicero, in one of his Epistles to Atticus (X. 17), says that at the time when he was writing, his journey was delayed by the Equinox. The date affixed to this

letter is XVII. Kal. Jun., i.e., 16th of May. In order to remedy these defects, it was found necessary to add sixty-seven days to the year, 46 B.C." This was in the dictatorship of Cæsar, who proceeded to guard against such trouble in future, by reforming the calendar: the year was to be of 365 days, with a day (Feb. 29) intercalated every year which can be divided by 4. This is the Julian Calendar. This was still not quite accurate, however; and Pope Gregory XIII., in the sixteenth century of our era, established the Gregorian Calendar, by which the intercalation is omitted in each year which can be divided by 100, but not by 400.

56. in multis, in his many duties. —ille deus; Julius Cæsar, like his successors, was deified after his death. - propaginis; Augustus, in whose reign this was written, was the adopted son of Julius. deus and hospes, § 46; nor, when a god, to enter as a stranger, &c. -moras, the periods of time.

64. e pleno,

-

etc.

-out of a full day (made up of the extra hours in the three intervening years) constructed the fourth period, or leap-year. — lustrum here stands properly for the period of

four years.

67. The poet here addresses Mars Gradivus (going into battle); the festival Matronalia, celebrated by matrons, fell on the first day of March. -virilibus; "Mars is connected with mas, as "Apns is with uppηv.” (Paley.) — Dic, § 33, 1. 2. - in nova castra; i.e., into an unaccustomed field.

79. hujus, sc. Romæ; i.e., which now exists. credita, believed.—regia; the palace of the kings still stood by the Forum. —venit in astra, i.e., became a god. — Romanus, § 44, iv. 5. male, hardly; compare male forte, v. 36. vellet, § 65, IV. 2. 95. mentem; "not animum, courage, but mentem, i.e., consilium, craft." (Paley.) - tolle, away with. Consus, usually called the Equestrian Neptune, appears to have been a god of the under-world. On his festival, Aug. 21, the Roman youths seized upon the Sabine virgins who were come to see the games of the festival, and made them their wives. Cures was the chief town of the Sabines, and most of the virgins were from that town. - The address of Mars to Romulus ends at the word Conso. appropriate.

- sua,

101. fere, for the most part, i.e., most of them.-raptæ, § 47, -matrum, § 50, 1. 3. propinqua, i.e.. with relatives. dictam, appointed for this purpose. -mea nurus, Hersilia, wife

III. -

of Romulus.hoc commune, "They had not all children, but they were all captives alike." (Paley.)

106. non ultra, no longer; lente pie, quietly faithful.

114. lituus, a curved horn, used in the cavalry. — campi, for campum; see § 47, VIII. -sentirent, § 61, 1. —viris, dative com. et incom., § 51, I. note. — diem, in app. with Kalendas. quæ prima, which first, i.e., on that occasion, witnessed this action. Œbaliæ Sabine: the Sabines were fabled to be descended from the Lacedæmonians, of whom balus was an ancient king.

130. The Salii (Hb. § 149) were a body of priests who carried the sacred shields, ancilia; the story of their origin is related below; Mamurius was a name of Mars, upon whom the Salii called. nemori stagnoque; the grove and lake of Diana at Aricia; it is still called the Lake of Nemi; the nymph was Egeria; see note to v. 54. — operata, devoted to the service.

-

135. Hippolytus was the son of Theseus, king of Athens. By an artifice of his stepmother he was dashed to pieces by his own horses, but was restored to life by Esculapius, and transferred to Aricia, where he was worshipped under the name Virbius. tabella; this refers to the custom, when in danger, of vowing a gift to some god, and after recovery or preservation, consecrating pictures representing the danger. The same custom still exists in Italy. Among such offerings to the Diana of Aricia, were lighted torches brought by women. - Regna; the priest of this sanctuary, called Rex Nemorensis, was a fugitive slave, who must obtain his place by attacking and killing his predecessor. Camenæ: these were nymphs of a fountain, possessing oracular powers; they were afterwards identified with the Greek Muses.

---

149. ne, etc.; that the more vigorous should not have all the power. - æquum, § 47, Iv. (1). —vina salsaque farra; these were common offerings to the gods. — aquis, § 54, vi. —ne terrere, § 58, iii. 1. — Picus and Faunus were old Italian gods of nature. numen utrumque, § 46.

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163. sine vi, unless forced. The supreme god is too awful to be approached at once by a mortal. The intervention of inferior deities is necessary to extort the required secret. Yet even they are reluctant to employ the potent spells which will bring him from the sky, and only do so because they cannot help themselves." (Paley.) — adhibeto, § 58, iii. end. - qua agrees with

arte. The Aventine was the southernmost of the seven hills of Rome, famous for a temple of Diana. - niger, dark; ater is black;

the ilex, or evergreen oak, has a very dark foliage.

=

§ 60, 1.-Bacchi vini.— arcta agrees with vincla; in governs

manus.

182. Faunus was represented, like the Grecian Pan, with horns. —per te, § 54, i. end. — ab arte; this is an unusual construction: persons require ab by § 56, Iv., things take the abl. alone by § 54, I.; see § 56, Iv. note.—Styx; see note on Phaethon, v. 45. -nobis, § 51, VIII. end. —Elicium; the temple of Jupiter Elicius was on the Aventine.

207. amb-age, a going around, or obscurity; remota is here used as an adjective, distant or obscure; the ingenuity by which Numa avoided human sacrifices is now related. — animam, life.facito [ut] procures; a formal style of imperative; see that thou make atonement. — Cynthius, an epithet of Apollo.

231. margine, the horizon.

242. submisere is generally rendered cast down; Paley thinks here it should be cast up. - ancile; the prefix an or amb means on both sides; but it is impossible to derive this word, with Ovid, from cædo; perhaps from cælo, to carve, as the ancile was an oval shield, hollowed in on each side of the oval. — imperii limits sortem. -morum, etc., whether more precise in character, or, &c.munificus, § 17, i. note.—Mamurium vocant; this story was made up to explain the occurrence of the word in the hymn.

263. Una nota; the day before this (in a passage omitted) has two marks of distinction; the Nones but one.-Marti, sc. mensis; this use of the gen. of the name of the month, limiting Nonis, is rare; the regular form would be Martiis Nonis, § 15, end. Vejovis; this word is generally explained to mean "the evil Jupiter," corresponding to Siva or Satan; the meaning is, however, doubtful. This temple was in the hollow between the two heights of the saddle-shaped Capitoline, where Romulus opened the Asylum.

268. invidiosa, an object of envy. — cur-vě; § 78, î. 1, note; the adverb, from curvus, would be curvē, § 78, 11. 6. —juvenalis; the statue of Vejovis on the Asylum was youthful, holding a bundle of arrows, for which reason he was often identified with Apollo.ausos, § 72, 2. The Giants were sons of Uranus and Gaia (Heaven and Earth); "terrible they were to look upon; long, thick hair flowed down from chin and head, and their feet were covered with serpents' scales." (Ramsay.) They attacked Zeus (Jupiter), and were by him vanquished. It was not the

giants, but the Aloidæ, Otus and Ephialtes, that piled Pelion upon Ossa. Jovi, § 51, VIII. note.

277. The goat was sacred to Vejovis: Ovid identifies it with the goat with whose milk the infant Zeus was nourished by the nymphs in Crete.vegrandia and vesca. "These illustrations have not been happily selected. There can be no doubt that 've' does possess the force of a negative in certain words, such as 'vecors' and 'vesanus;'. . . . but 'vegrandis' and 'vescus' have been quoted by the old grammarians as examples of words to which the particle in question communicates a double meaning; the former being either not large' or 'very large;' the latter, either little eating,'' small,' 'weak,' 'delicate,' or 'much eating.'" (Ramsay.)

6

connect

aquas;

284. The winged horse Pegăsus sprang from the blood of the Gorgon Medusa, when her head was cut off by Perseus.cervice with prosiluisse, sanguine with respersis. the fountain Hippocrene (fountain of the horse), at the foot of Mount Helicon, sacred to the Muses, was caused by a stroke of the hoof of Pegasus. -subter sidera, § 56, i. 3.

-

294. Gnosida, from Gnossus, a city of Crete, the birthplace of Ariadne, daughter of Minos, king of Crete. She had forsaken her home with Theseus, but was abandoned by him on the island of Naxos, and discovered there by Dionysus (Bacchus). — Theseo, § 47, v. - conjuge, § 54, I.; we should say, had exchanged her faithless husband for, &c.—quæ, Ariadne; she had saved Theseus from the labyrinth, by giving him a clew of thread by which to trace his way. -legenda, to be gathered, so traced back. — ille, Theseus. Liber, a Roman divinity identified with Bacchus. depexos crinibus, straight-haired; "to distinguish them from the tribes of East Africa, who had woolly hair.” (Paley.)

307. Theseu, § 10, 10.. -causa relata mea est, my former condition is renewed.-nulla non.-in lacrimas meas, as

causing my tears:

322. falli depends on digna; the usual construction would be quæ fallar, § 65, iv. 1. —audibat audiebat, § 33, II. 3. vocabula, a name; Libera was the female goddess corresponding to Liber; usually identified with Proserpine (Hb. § 65). — sint, sc. ut, depending on faciam.- -coronæ, § 50, 1. 3. —illa (Venus), -illa (v. 334), i.e., corona.

sc. dedit.

335. Anna Perenna (per annos) is the goddess of the revolving year, especially connected with the changing moon; for which reason her festival came appropriately on the full-moon