1. Tempe, a beautiful and sacred valley in Thessaly, where the River Peneus breaks through between Mounts Olympus and Ossa, into the Egean Sea. The form is a Greek neut. plur. fama, sc. est. - extremi, § 47, viii. -Thymbræus, a common epithet of Apollo, derived from the name of a river in the Troad, where he had a temple. — cælum sperare; i.e., being the son of a god, he might hope for immortality.—te matre, although thou art my mother.

17. thalamo sub; this position of the preposition after the verb is called Anastrõphe; so eam circum below. — The Milesian wool was of very fine quality. Arethusa, nymph of a fountain

in Sicily.

26. Penei, a dissyllable, by the figure called Synærěsis.

37. tonsis mantelia villis, towels with shorn naps, § 54, 1. — Panchæa was a district in Arabia, the country producing frankincense. -Mæonii = Lydian. Oceanus was in some theogonies the parent of all the gods. centum agrees with nymphas. Vesta was goddess of the hearth. summum tecti; for the more usual summum tectum.

47. The Carpathian Sea was that part of the Ægean south-west of Asia Minor. - piscibus forms with bipedum equorum, an Hendiadys (Ev Sià Svoiv, one through two); that is, a compound idea expressed by two nouns; fishes and two-legged horses means horses with two legs and fishes' tails. - metitur; passes over in measured courses. - Emathia, a district of Macedonia; Pallene is a promontory projecting southward into the Ægean. - Nereus, god of the calm sea.

60. circum hæc, against these. The story here told of Proteus is like those of Faunus, Fasti, v. 161, ff.

77. crinibus, § 54, VI. - plurima agrees with unda; many a. —in latebris, § 56, 1. 1, note. — hauserat, had occupied or passed – ad limum belongs with coquebant.

over.

- nam quis

97. Cujus, Proteus. quoniam is used here in its primitive meaning (quom iam), when now. quisnam, who, pray? —vi multa, ardentes, and frendens, express the epilepsy which betokened inspiration.

114. Non nullius, § 43, 12; these parts of a compound word are separated by the figure called Tmesis.—Orpheus, a renowned singer of early times, who mourned inconsolably for his wife Eurydice.— haudquaquam ob meritum qualifies miserabilis. —ni Fata resistant; there is an Ellipsis here; he invokes this vengeance [and

it will be fulfilled], unless, &c.

-æqualis, of her own age.Dryadum, the wood nymphs.—Rhodope and Pangea were mountains of Thrace; Rhesus, an old king of Thrace, who took part in the Trojan war; the Getæ, a people of Thrace; Hebrus, the principal river of Thrace; Orithyia, an Athenian (Actias) maiden, who was carried away by Boreas to Thrace.

is a spondaic verse: § 82, 1. note.

Verse 124

128. Tænarum was a promontory south of Greece, by which was a descent to the infernal regions, or Erebus. -Manesque; this superfluity of conjunctions goes by the name of Polysynděton. – Regem, Dis, or Pluto.

140. Cocytus and Styx were two of the rivers of the infernal regions (Hb. § 30). — Eumenides, the Furies; Cerberus, the three-headed dog who guarded the lower world. — Ixionii, etc., the wheel of the Ixionian circle or revolution; Ixion was bound to a wheel made to revolve by the wind; but vento is dat.

147. Eurydice was restored by the gods of Hades, on condition that he should not look back upon her until he had reached the upper world. — animi, § 50, 1. 4. — fragor, the thunder with which Pluto announced that the condition was broken, and called Eurydice back. Quis agrees with furor.- paludem, i.e., the Styx. 169. The Strymon was the second river of Thrace, next to the Hebrus. - Philomēla was a princess of Athens, who was changed into a nightingale.

177. Venus, put by metonymy for love. -Tan-ais, the Don.The Rhipsan mountains were fabled mountains in the far north. The Cicones were a Thracian people. - quo munere, by this tribute of love. agrius; Eagrus was father of Orpheus. spumantem, etc., he threw up the water into a foam under the eddy. - Cyrene, sc. tacuit, or some such word.

-

194. illa, Eurydice. — Napæas, nymphs of the dell. summa, § 52, 1. note. —Lycæus was a mountain in Arcadia; he must send there for cattle, since those of Thessaly had perished.intacta cervice, unyoked; it is still the custom in Europe to use teams of cows.

206. Orphei, dat., of Greek form. — Lethæa; Lethe, oblivion, was one of the rivers, of Hades. uvam; the swarm of bees hanging from the branches was like a bunch of grapes.

Under Tityrus of the First Eclogue, Virgil is supposed to represent himself. In the plundering and confiscations after

the civil war, he came near losing his lands, but received them back by the favor of Cæsar Octavianus, afterwards the emperor Augustus. A less fortunate neighbor, Melibus, passes by, and enters into conversation with him.

2. avena, oaten straw; put by synecdoche for the pipe which was made of it. Notice the emphasis of tu and nos.

17. prædicere, § 57, iv. end. — qui deus, what god, not quis, who the god is. — huic nostræ, i.e., Mantua.— parvis, dat.; it could also be cum parvis; see § 51, I. first note.

29. Emancipated slaves shaved their beards, which before they had suffered to grow. - Peculi; the property of a slave (of course only nominally his) was called peculium.

39. aberāt, § 80; last par. but one. -juvenem; Octavianus was at this time twenty-two. submittite, raise or rear. — quamvis, to whatever degree; § 61, 2, note.— omnia, all the arable land; a good deal of the country about Mantua is stony, and a good deal marshy. —insueta pabula; here Melibœus contrasts the security of Tityrus's flock with the exposures of his own. 54. quæ refers to sæpes; as it has always done. - florem, § 52, IV. ante quam, § 56, III.; a case of tmesis. - The Arar was a river of Gaul, now the Saone; the Tigris, of Mesopotamia. The Parthians lived in Persia. Germania, the country, is put here for the inhabitant. -labatur, § 62, II. 1.

65. Afros is after the analogy of § 55, III. 2. - Cretæ is usually taken as the name of the island; but probably it would be better to consider it as meaning chalk, and limiting rapidum, after the analogy of adjectives of fulness; rapid and turbid with earth; the Oxus or Oaxes runs into the Caspian. — post=posthac; aliquot, only a few.

80. poteras, § 59, Iv. note at end. —pressi lactis

casei.

C. Asinius Pollio, an eminent poet and orator, was consul B.C. 40, the year in which a reconciliation was brought about, largely by his means, between Octavianus and Antony. This peace, with the hope it excited of tranquillity and prosperity in future, was the occasion of Virgil's Fourth Eclogue, in which certain vague prophecies are also commemorated. It has been a favorite theory of many, that the imagery of this Eclogue was imitated by Virgil from the Hebrew prophets, especially Isaiah ch. XI.

1. Sicelides; bucolic or pastoral poetry was carried to its greatest perfection by the Sicilian Theocritus. Cumæi; the Cumaan Sibyl had sold to king Tarquin the Proud the books containing the fate of Rome; they were carefully preserved and consulted on important occasions. - magnus sæclorum ordo: i.e., a 66 great year; a new cycle, which should repeat all that had taken place before, and which therefore should commence with the rule of Saturn, in whose former reign all had been peaceful and happy, as described in this Eclogue. Virgo; Astræa, goddess of justice. — nascenti puero, at his birth; this probably refers to the young son of Pollio, born in this year. - ferrea, sc. gens; the "iron age" should give way to a new "golden age.' Lucina, goddess of birth. Apollo; the Sibyl had declared that the age of Apollo was the last; Lucina was identified with Diana, sister of Apollo, hence the possessive tuus. — adeo is used to emphasize te; inibit, sc. cursum. Ille, i.e., puer. 26. simul, sc. atque.

32. Thetis, a sea-nymph, mother of Achilles; here put for the sea. Tiphys was pilot of the Argonautic expedition; all these heroic events are to be repeated. - ad Trojam, § 55, III. 2, end.

- Parcæ, the Latin name for the Fates.

48. honores, § 52, II. convexo; referring to the vault of heaven. Terrasquē; que is not long before tr- (§ 78, 1. note at end), but by Cæsura. -sæclo, § 54, 1. —Linus was an old bard, associated with Orpheus. — quamvis here Pan, god of nature, the inventor of the pipe. IV. 1. — tulĕrunt, Systole. mensa, § 54, III.

=

etiamsi. certet, § 59,

PLAUTUS.

T. MACCIUS PLAUTUS was born at Sarsina, in Umbria, B.C. 254, came to Rome, and obtained great popularity as a writer of comedies; he died at the age of seventy. He wrote a large number of plays, twenty of which are now extant; they were translated from the Greek writers of the New Comedy, or what we should call comedy of society, and depict the manners of the Greeks of his day with much life and humor.

The following extract is from the Amphitruo. In the absence of Amphitruo in war, Jupiter visits his wife Alcmena, in the form of her husband, stationing Mercury outside as guard, in the form of Amphitruo's slave Sosia. Meantime the real Sosia returns, the war being triumphantly ended, and finds his double standing guard at the gate of the house.

For the metre, see end of § 82. In the comic metres, very frequent substitutions are permitted; thus the first foot of the first verse is a dactyl, îb' út hě-; the sixth foot, a spondee, -mēnæ; in the next verse the fifth foot is an anapæst, vidě' hōc. In trochaic, like iambic measure, the foot makes a metre; the accents mark the first syllable of each metre, where the ictus should fall. 174. 5. Alcumenæ - Alcmenæ this insertion or substitution of u occurs in several Greek words employed by the comic writers. Set sed.ædis, § 11, 1. 2. — hoc noctis, § 52, IV.; § 50, II., at this time of night.— Nullust, § 1, last par. but one. Quom, top of p. 2.-Illic, an old form for ille.

=

8. The second foot is hōc měŭm; final m appears to have been nearly silent in common speech, so that the u is short even before two consonants.— - pallium, a garment worn by the Greeks for the Roman toga. - detexere, steal. - dentes pruriunt; his teeth are itching for me (eager to get hold of me). - v. 7 contains the tribrachs, misĕri and měŭs hě. - obsecro

= for heaven's sake.

17. heri (yesterday) quod, etc., a substantive clause, subject of factum esse. - nudos, i.e., spoliatos. - Quinctus (the fifth), a common Roman name.

22. Non feret, he shall not report. — vapulet, an active verb with a passive meaning, § 35, II. end.

175. 1. esse § 37, v.-In proin, the two syllables are scanned

-murænam : the

10. mirum ni, a wonder if not I suppose. lamper-eel was a great favorite with the Romans, and was boned, after being beaten with a rod. ultro, without provocation. Olet homo; he pretends to know by the smell that somebody is near, I smell a man.- malo, § 51, VII.-superstitiosus, a soothsayer. — domes, soften them.