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The letter to Quintus Cicero, a younger brother, was written at Thessalonica.

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188. 4. pueros, slaves.—miserim, § 57, 1, 1st rem.; § 64, шII. — consulatus; referring to the great act of his consulship, the defeat of Catiline's conspiracy. eripuerit, § 57, I. end. flens ... proficiscens, etc., the chiastic order, the corresponding nominative cases standing respectively first and last.

20. a morte: suicide was the refuge of many eminent men of antiquity; Cicero seems to have thought seriously of it, but with the same vacillation of purpose that he showed in every thing. præsidio fuisset, referring here to his profession of advocate; he had even proposed once to defend his worst enemy Catiline (see foot-note).

189. 5. quid, quod: what [shall I say to this] that, &c. sapientiorem quam vellem, because old enough to feel his father's loss.

34. aliquid præsidii, object of laturam. nostri, obj. gen. after misericordiam: pity for me will bring some help.

190. 16. postulabit, § 49, 1. 2d, note.

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umquam, and words of this class (see list in Table 6), may follow comparatives, because there is a negative idea implied, which in similar constructions the French expresses by the negative, que jamais.

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23. permutatione, negotiating a bill of exchange. — quibus debes, your creditors, whom Quintus must satisfy out of his own or his son's " bowels," flesh, or, as we should say, "hide.". ærario; these were sums appropriated to Quintus as proprætor of Asia. - - Antonius and Cæpio were creditors of Quintus. Crassus, the triumvir, who was afterwards killed in Asia; Calidius, a stanch friend of Cicero.

33. Hortensius was the leading lawyer in Rome, next to Cicero, and a few years older. Cicero at this time expresses a good deal of suspicion of his false and unfriendly dealings. He was, however, a true friend; subsequently, and especially after his death, Cicero speaks of him with warm regard and honor.

191. 1. occultabis: the future here is nearly equivalent to the imperative, as frequently in English. -eo, abl. of cause, § 54, 1. Pomponium: T. Pomponius Atticus, Cicero's most intimate versus some verses in ridicule of Hortensius seem to have been fastened (collatus) upon Quintus; he is by all means

friend.

to make friends with him. - ædilitatem: the office of ædile had reference to the care of public buildings and games (Hb. § 134).

9. Messala was a prominent public man of the day, father of the distinguished general of the time of Augustus. — optime factis, the best deeds.

19. Reliqua, object of scribere, ―ita... ut, so

...

as.

In B.C. 57 Cicero returned from exile, and entered Rome, September 4; shortly after, he wrote this letter to his friend Atticus (Att. IV. 1), who was then in Epirus.

27. cui relates to subject of fuit. -recte, safely.-me ipsum, § 67, v. — observantia, respect, i.e., for his opinion; he had followed the advice of Atticus and others in leaving the city rather than resisting his enemies, as counselled by Lucullus.

192. 6. quem dimisero; if I once have you back, it will seem that I have never lost you. — suavitatis and temporis both limit

fructus.

13. re familiari, private property.

24. lex est lata (i.e., for his return): this is the technical expression for bringing in a bill. — natalis coloniæ; Brundisium was founded as a colony on the day of which this was the anniversary. Salutis; the temple of Salus, near the house of Atticus. — ætatum atque ordinum; the Roman citizens were classed by age into juniores and seniores (Hb. § 125). — The orders were the ranks in the State, the Senate, the Equestrian order, &c.; the comitia centuriata were the great Roman assembly, presided over by the consul (Hb. § 141).

35. nomenclatori; a slave, whose business it was to whisper to his master the names of persons they met.

193. 2. The porta Capena was the south-eastern gate, at which the principal road, via Appia, ended.

8. eo biduo, two days after. — ad theatrum; this was the time of the great ludi Romani, held in the theatre. mea opera; because his arrival had filled the city with strangers. 14. decernerem, should give my vote for it.

16. consulares, men who had been consul: they were called upon for their vote first. quod negarent, § 63, 1.; in exactness negarent does not express the reason, but the fact of giving it; but the subjunctive is often used in such cases. ageretur,

negotiations should be entered into.

dederunt, sc. contionem;

a contio could not properly be held by a private citizen.

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27. alterum se, a second self. quam sit, § 66, I. lex consularis, law proposed by a consul; that of Messius (who was a tribune) was tribunitia. -de domo: Cicero's house had been destroyed, and the site occupied by a sacred building; the pontifices (Hb. § 143) had yet to decide whether the consecration had been removed (si sustulerint religionem), and the demand restored. 194. 2. superficiem, the building, for the loss of which he was to be compensated. demolientur ... locabunt, they will

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clear a space, giving the contract in their name.

TULLIA, the daughter of Cicero, had been married during his consulship to Piso, a young man of the best family and character, who died just before Cicero's return from exile. It was on her twenty-second birthday that she met her father at Brundisium, as told in the letter to Atticus. The following year she married Furius Crassipes, also of a patrician house; but was not long after divorced. At the age of twentynine she was married again to Dolabella, a rich and handsome profligate several years younger than herself, a partisan and friend of Cæsar, for which reason Cicero had sought the alliance. Her life with him was very wretched; and they agreed to a separation shortly before the birth of her child, which was in January, B.C. 45. The following month she died at her father's house in Tusculum, leaving a son, Lentulus, who seems to have died in childhood. Meanwhile Cicero had put away his wife Terentia, on some misunderstanding because of mismanagement in business affairs, which caused him much anger and mortification; he was on no good terms with his brother, or his son, then a young man of twenty, who was greatly vexed at an unfortunate second marriage of his father's; so that his household was quite broken up. He was living in strict solitude on a little island, Astura, belonging to one of his estates; and here he received many letters of consolation from his friends, among which this from the eminent lawyer, Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, is the most interesting that remains.

19. sane quam, exceedingly. — pro eo ac, in proportion as. per quos propinquos, § 48, III. 2d note. -uti, so that. existimem, § 63, I. note.

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195. 5. credo; ironical. -veneris, § 64, iv. et nos, we too. - cum iis esse actum, it has happened to those: this sentence contains an Anacoluthon, that is, a clause thrown in with no proper connection to the principal clause; since it begins with the interrogative quoties, and then changes to the declarative incidimus; render quoties, often, and put in and before et nos. 12. conjuncta; Tullia had already been married three times, and twice divorced.-pro, worthy of. ex hac juventate, from the young men of the present day. uti depends on possent understood; this refers to the profession of an advocate, which had lost all attraction under Cæsar's despotic rule.

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24. Megaram, § 56, II. 1. Ægina, an island opposite Athens, once its rival; Megara, a city between Athens and Corinth. - Piraeus, the harbor of Athens. All these places had been reduced to ruin in the late convulsions. -Visne, here negatively, wilt thou not?

35. modo; i.e., at Pharsalia, B.C. 48.

196. 5. moniendum fuit, § 59, Iv. 2, note. -ea, § 50, Iv. 1, note. — omnibus bonis, all the advantages of life. - possitis, § 49, I.. exception to last remark.

noli oblivisci, § 58, III. note

14. Hoc tempus, i.e., when the pain will have become less by time. — sapientia tua, in a manner worthy of so wise a man.

23. inferis, the dead.

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qui illius amor fuit, such was her love. 197. Cicero's answer (Fam. IV. 6.) follows.

15. Servius, a son of Sulpicius. — omnibus ... potuerunt: by all the services which could be rendered on [to] that occasion. - Quanti me faceret, how highly he esteemed me.· animum, such a disposition on his part. —jucundus, agreeable; gratus, acceptable.

- suum talem

26. Q. Fabius Maximus, the leader against Hannibal; L. Æmilius Paullus, the conqueror of Macedonia, B.C. 167; C. Sulpicius Gallus, an eminent man of the same time; Cato, the Censor - all these eminent men had lost sons. - ipsorum refers

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198. 6. frangerem, bent my mind; notice the imperfect tense, and render cum, whenever.

13. ad rempublicam, in public affairs.

22. ante; i.e., before we return to Rome; Cicero begins to acquiesce in the new order of things, and to desire to enter public life again. — unius, i.e., Cæsar.

27. deliberationis, § 54, II. end (requirement).

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PLINY.

C. CECILIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS (the Younger) was a native of Comum (Como), in Northern Italy, and a nephew of the elder Pliny, the distinguished naturalist. He was born A.D. 61 or 62, and became prominent as a public man in the prosperous reign of Trajan. He has left a few orations, and a large collection of letters, which, as Merivale says, “gives the fullest and fairest picture we possess of a Roman gentleman; nor indeed does any other of the ancients come so near as its writer to our conception of the gentleman in mind, breeding, and position." The year of his death is not known.

The first three letters are. addressed to the historian Tacitus. The first requires no explanation; the other two are in answer to his inquiries in regard to the famous eruption of Vesuvius, A.D. 79, in which Herculaneum and Pompeii were destroyed, and the elder Pliny perished.

199. 6. in Tusculano, on my Tusculan estate. —jam in fine, when just near the end. -ne pereat, that my haste may be satisfied. — præsens, when I meet you.

12. patria, i.e., Comum. — municipis, fellow-townsman. prætextatus; the boy wore the toga prætexta until about sixteen (Hb. § 184). Etiam; there was no Latin word for yes. Mediolanum, Milan, was already the chief town of Northern Italy. - qui refers to vos, implied in vestra.

20. habitationes, lodging; viatica, travelling expenses; mercedibus, income.

200. 1. ambitu corrumperetur, be misused for private advantage: referring to corrupt misappropriation of the funds; this he proposes to obviate by giving the control of the funds to the parents, requiring them at the same time to contribute. — religio, solemn obligation.

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