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California

Via the Northern Pacific Shasta Route with its magnificent
scenery for those who will make winter trips to the Land
of Sunshine. Luxurious trains, low rates, comfort en route.
From St. Paul or Minneapolis to Los Angeles and return

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YELLOWSTONE PARK LINE

$124.00 Round Trip

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VIA

Northern Pacific
Railway

Send six cents for WONDERLAND 1905 and four cents for "EASTWARD
THRU THE STORIED NORTHWEST" to

A.

M. CLELAND,

General

Passenger Agent, St. Paul,

Minn.

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100 copies from Pen-written and 50 copies from Typewritten original

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5. Ratke-Everything after the order and course of nature; Comenius-Learn to do by doing; Fenelon-Állow nothing to be committed to memory that is not understood.

6. The founding of the Real school is credited to Francke. It gives great attention to things of practical utility and its chief purpose is to prepare for practical life. Precedence is given to modern languages, sciences and the arts.

7. He introduced the use of objects in teaching and the natural method of teaching Latin. His institution was purely secular; this fact together with his lack of tact and of practical business methods acted against him. He was capricious, lacking in self command and proper balance, thus making many enemies unnecessarily.

8. Rouseau believed in developing the faculties separately, while Pestalozzi would train all faculties simultaneously but in proportion to strength. 9. Spencer wrote from the standpoint of a philosopher; Arnold, from that of a teacher. The former stimulates the reader to greater mental activity; the latter shows us the value of the human heart in the teacher.

10. There has been a gradual abolition of corporal punishment and of those punishments that are fear-inspiring and cruel. Better discipline is secured at present by appeals to high incentives and by using only those punishments that are mild educative, reformatory and just. The change is owing to a better knowledge of the child that has been brought about by genetic psychology and the various forms of child study.

II. Henry Barnard was an educator and author of works on education. He studied law after graduation at Yale in 1838. He later held the position of State Superintendent of Schools in Connecticut and Rhode Island and was president of the St. John's College, Md. He was United States Commissioner of Education 18671870. He was best known as nublisher of the American Journal of Education. He died in

1000.

12. First public school taught, 1633. Organization of the University of the State of New York, 1784.

First free school fund established, 1795.
Second free school fund established, 1805.
Superintendent of common school, 1813-1821.
First training class appointed, 1834.

First teachers' institute held, 1844.
First normal school established, 1844.

Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction established, 1854.

Rate bill abolished. 1867.

Uniform teachers' examinations established, 1887.

Unification of two educational departments,

1904.

PHYSICS Questions

I Define five of the following: force, momentum, work, horse power, erg, watt, · poundal.

2 What is meant by diffusion of gases? Explain diffusion of gases by the kinetic theory.

3 A freely movable body is acted on by three forces, one of 12 dynes acting due east, one of 12 dynes due south and one of 9 dvnes due northwest; find the magnitude and show

by diagram the direction of the force required to maintain equilibrium.

4 To which class of levers does the common balance belong? A body weighs 36 pounds in one pan of a false balance and 25 pounds in the other; find the true weight of the body.

5 Describe an experiment to show that a gas has a) compressibility, b) elasticity.

6 Explain by aid of a diagram the action of an intermittent (periodic) spring.

7 A rectangular scow 40 meters long and 7 meters wide draws I meter of water when empty and 24 meters when loaded; find in kilograms the weight of the load.

8 Describe in detail the arrangement and explain the operation of a hot and cold water system for a house, heat being furnished by a kitchen range and water supplied from a street main. [Use diagram.]

9 What is meant by the spheroidal state of a liquid? Describe an experiment to illustrate the spheroidal state. Explain.

10 Five grams of water at o° C. are placed in 90 grams of water at 85° C.; find the resulting temperature of the mixture.

II Describe a laboratory experiment to show the lines of force between two bar magnets lying in the same straight line, when their like poles are brought near each other. Make a diagram showing the magnets and the lines of force.

12 Describe the construction and explain the action of a gold leaf electroscope.

13 Give the location of the seat of the charge of electricity in a Leyden jar. Describe a laboratory experiment to prove your answer. 14 In a battery consisting of 6 cells, each cell has an electromotive force of 1.02 volts and an internal resistance of 1.2 ohms; find what current the battery will send through a circuit having an external resistance of 36 ohms, when joined in a) parallel, b) series. 15 Describe the construction and explain the operation of an electric motor.

16 State the relation of temperature to the velocity of sound in air and show that this relation does not conflict with the relation

expressed by the following formula: V=v£

D

17 Define pitch. Describe an experiment to show that pitch depends on the rapidity of the vibrations by which the sound is produced. 18 Give the velocity of light. Describe an accurate method of determining the velocity of light.

19 What is the cause of diffraction of light? Describe an experiment to show diffraction of light.

20 State the conditions necessary to the formation of a) a continuous spectrum. b) a discontinuous spectrum. To which of these classes does the solar spectrum belong?

Answers

I Force is the cause that changes or tends to change the velocity or direction of motion of a body. Momentum is the quantity of motion and is equal to the product of the mass of a body by its velocity. Work is the overcoming of resist

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15

CENTS

Will bring you, on trial, thirteen weeks, the Pathfinder, the old-reliable national news-review. This paper gives you every week ALL the important news of the world, stated clearly and without bias. It is the only news review that is truly comprehensive; and at the same time it is not padded or bulky. It gives you the wheat without the chaff. It is a time-saver for all busy people. In purpose it is high-toned, healthy and inspiring; it is a protest against sensational journalism. It takes the place of periodicals costing $2.50 and $2.00. Try it and you would not be without it for many times its cost-$1.00 per year. Address THE PATHFINDER, Washington, D. C.

FOUNTAIN

LAUGHLIN

ance of any kind. A horse power represents the ability to do 550 foot-pounds a second. The erg is the amount of work done by a force of one dyne producing a displacement of one 'centimeter. A watt represents the rate of working in an electric circuit when the electromotive force is one volt and the current is one ampere. A poundal is the force that, applied to one pound of matter for one second, will produce an acceleration of one foot a second.

2 It is the gradual and spontaneous mixing of two gases that are placed in contact. The kinetic theory considers that the molecules of a gas are in constant and rapid motion in straight lines and with a uniform velocity, until they strike other molecules or the side of the containing vessel.

3 A force of 8 dynes (nearly) northwest. (Diagram omitted.)

4 First class. 30 pounds.

5 a) This may be shown by the closed manometer. When the pressure is equal to one atmosphere the air has a certain volume and when the pressure is doubled the volume of the air is reduced to one-half its former volume. b) This may be shown by putting a rubber bag partially filled with air under the receiver of an air pump. Exhaust the air and the bag will increase in size. This is due to the elasticity of the air.

6 The outlet of a periodic spring is in the form of a siphon and is action is explained in the same manner as that of a siphon.

7 350,000 kilograms.

8 The system consists of a cylindrical boiler holding about forty gallons. The boiler is set on end at a short distance from the range and connected as follows: A pipe leads from near the bottom of the boiler to the water front in the firebox of the range, where the water is heated, and circulates back to the bottom of the boiler through a return pipe. Two pipes enter the top of the boiler, one connected with the main and bringing cold water and discharging it near the bottom of the boiler; the other pipe draws off the warm water from the top and distributes it through the house. The operation of the system is as follows: As the lower layers of the liquid become heated they expand and rise, while the upper layers, which are colder and therefore denser, sink and take the place of the first; these in their turn become heated and so on until the whole mass is heated. The main causes pressure for forcing the water to different parts of the house.

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12 It consists of a glass jar, through the cork of which passes a brass rod terminating in a ball on the outside and two strips of gold foil attached to the inner end. If an electrified body is brought in contact with the rod, the metal strips become similarly charged, and hence are mutually repelled.

13 In the glass. Procure a Leyden jar with movable coatings. Put the jar together and charge the jar. Remove the inner coating with a glass rod. The electroscope shows that it has no charge. The same fact is shown in regard to the outer coat. Put the jar together again and it can be discharged by connecting the inner and the outer coats.

14 .028 ampere.

.141 ampere.

15 It is generally similar to the dynamo in form and construction. The chief parts are a field magnet and an armature consisting of coils of wire wound round a soft iron core and free to revolve between the poles of the field magnet. When a current is sent through the armature of a motor at rest, the opposition between the lines of force of the magnetic field of the field magnet and those of the magnetic field of the armature coils produces a repulsion that causes the rotation of the armature, and thus enables the motor to perform work.

16 A rise of temperature without barometric change increases the velocity of sound in the air about two feet for each degree centigrade. The effect of raising the temperature of air is to increase its elasticity. It is evident in the formula given that if E, the elasticity, is increased and D, the density, is unchanged, the velocity will be increased.

17 Pitch is that quality of sound by which it is recognized as acute or grave, high or low.

Savart's wheel consists of a heavy metaltoothed wheel so mounted on an axle that it can be put in rapid rotation. Set such a wheel in rapid rotation and hold the edge of a card against the teeth. A change in speed is accompanied by its corresponding change of pitch.

18 186,000 miles a second. The velocity of light has been determined by a study of the moons of Jupiter. It has been observed that the intervals between the successive eclipses of one of the moons keeps increasing while the earth passes from conjunction to opposition, and that the retardation amounts to 16 min. 36 sec. This means that it requires 16 min. 36 sec. for light to cross the orbit of the earth. From this data the velocity of light is easily computed.

19 Diffraction is the phenomenon resulting from the fact that rays of light on passing a sharp edge become bent, and if the edges are near one another interference of light waves takes place and gives colored fringes.

Blacken a strip of window with India ink. With a fine needle draw a series of parallel lines, quite close together, through the ink to the glass. Hold the glass close to the eye and look through it at a flame. There will be seen brilliant spectrum colors.

20 (a) The source of light is an incandescent solid, liquid or dense gas.

(b) The source of light is a rarified vapor or gas.

The sun belongs to that form of discontinuous spectra called absorption spectrum.

(To be continued next month)

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