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ART. XI.-FOREIGN LITERARY INTELLIGENCE.

ENGLAND.

Bishop Colenso has published the fourth part of his work on the Pentateuch. The Westminster Review says:

ficulties which they must not admit to be inherent in their own. Martineau, Miss Hennel, and others, maintain that in this pantheistic age Butler does more hurt than good. He simply shows that theism is as bad as Christianity, leaving pantheism the only refuge. Dr. Buchanan's comprehensive work gathers up the literature of the subject. Perhaps another great thinker is needed to work the material into a great argument.

In the present volume the proof of the Elohistic and Jehovistic constituents in the Book of Genesis is drawn out in a manner which will be most striking and thoroughly convincing to every unprejudiced English reader. The first eleven chapters are gone through in the most thorough and detailed manner: the one set of passages, the Elohistic, are shown, Two able works have been published when taken by themselves, to form a on the Authenticity of the Book of Dancomplete and consecutive narrative; the iel, a part of the sacred canon considerJehovistic passages, when set by themed by neologists as specially vulnerable selves, do not present completeness and to their criticisms. The one is by Mr. continuity to the same extent, but are evidently incorporated with the other Boyle, a layman, and is said about to exfrom some independent source. It is haust the subject. The other is by a shown, also, that these sets of passages clergyman, Mr. Waters, and the two not only differ in literary characteristics, works, with a different treatment, com. but vary in their points of view, as in plement each other. That important the two accounts of the Creation; and part of sacred writ is little likely to be are discrepant in the narration of partic-surrendered, having the sanction of ular facts, as in the accounts of the pairs of animals said to have been taken into the ark. Now, if the Bibliolaters will absolutely still maintain that the Pentateuch was wholly written by Moses they must adopt some such hypothesis as this: that he was inspired to write it in such a way as to make it look as if he had not written it: very much as if one should maintain that the earth as we now know of it was created in one moment or in one week, but made to look as if its geological phenomena had been produced in millions of ages. Absurdity to this extent will be met with here and there. But there are signs that the views of biblical inspiration built by the dominant Evangelical party upon the phrase "Word of God" will shortly be abandoned by the general common sense of England.

Dr. Buchanan, whose able work on Natural Theology has been republished in this country, has produced a work of six hundred pages entitled Analogy as a Guide to Truth and applied as an Aid to Faith. Its method is encyclopedical and critical rather than original. It places the reader in possession of a vast amount of interesting material. The great work of Butler was addressed to an age of deists; and as dealing with them, it showed that Christianity involved no dif

special quotation by Jesus himself.

The great Biblical Dictionary by Dr. William Smith is now completed, and is considered a very important addition to the apparatus of the biblical scholar. It is the product of a large staff of eminent scholars, and although compromise and reserve are occasionally a necessary result, there is little to offend the earnest believer in the divine authority of the sacred volume.

Mr. George Steward, an eminent Presbyterian minister, has published, from the press of the Clarkes of Edinburgh, a work consisting of ten stately volumes on the Mediatorial Sovereignty. It is a work of an evangelical character and considerable ability.

A new edition of Kitto's "Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature' is now issuing from the press of Black, of Edinburgh, under the editorship of Dr. Alexander.

Mosheim's Church History is still thought deserving of republication in England. Mr. Stubbs, the Lambeth Librarian, is the editor, selecting Murdock's translation, to which he adds two hund

red pages of his own, completing the History of the Church through the seventeenth century from Giesler, Ritter, and Döllinger.

The book of Hawthorn's entitled Our Old Home, with its severe satire on English character, makes the beef of Mr. Bull wince not a trifle. The editor of the British Quarterly, whose malignity toward America has been subject of notice in our former numbers, thinks that "at his hand at least" England "has deserved another kind of treatment." Undoubtedly Hawthorne and every other American ought to be grateful to the nation that bestowed upon us the pirate Alabama.

GERMANY.

The lectures of the late Professor Hävernick on the Theology of the Old Testament (Vorlesungen über die Theologie des Alten Testamentes. Frankfort, 1863) have been edited in a new edition by Dr. Hermann Schultz. Hävernick, though at the time of his death (1845) not yet thirty-five years old, was one of the most prominent representatives of orthodox theology in Germany. The above work was not completed by himself, but published after his death by one of his former pupils, Dr. H. A. Hahn, since whose death the present editor has again revised it, and now publishes it with valuable remarks and additions of his own. German works on biblical theology are becoming very numerous; and it is a remarkable circumstance that quite a number of the standard works on the subject, as those by Cölln, Stendel, and Lutz, besides that of Hävernick, are posthumous works.

The work of Renan, of which several German translations have been published, has not met with a favorable reception even on the part of such theologians and journals as usually write from a rationalistic point of view. The reviewer of the book in the Literarische Centralblatt regards it as a great step backward. Professor Ewald, of Göttingen, severely censures it in the Göttingen Gelehrte Anzeigen. The only scholar of note who recommends it is Professor Weisse, of Leipsic, the author of the Philosophische Dogmatik, who has written a notice of it in the Protestantische Kirchenzeitung of Berlin. Among the replies from an

orthodox point of view the Neue Evangelische Kirchenzeitung recommends in particular a pamphlet by Professor Cassel, a convert from Judaism.

The Religion of the Arabians in the Ante-Mohammedan Time is the subject of a learned essay published by a young orientalist, L. Krehl, (Ueber die Relig ion der vorislamischen Araber. Leipsic, 1863.) On this subject we already had interesting researches from Turk and Osiander; but the essay of Kreh! contains numerous new results, which both complete and correct the former current statements. The information concerning an original monotheism of the Arabians is, according to Krehl, doubtful. In the earliest periods to which history can trace their religion it was worship of the stars; the brightest among the planets and fixed stars were the subjects of a particular worship. The author discovers in the religion of the Arabians some new deities, and carefully and keenly defines the character of those already known before. He thoroughly comments upon the statements of Herodotus. In a second section he speaks of hero worship, and reduces the reports of the Mohammedan authors to the proper measure. In a third chapter he speaks of the worship of stones and trees.

Another treatise on the History of the non-Christian religions is an essay by Dr. Johaentgen on the life of Manu, (Ueber das Gesetzbuch des Manu. lin, 1863.) The author discusses the

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Buddhism, a very interesting, but at the The same time most obscure point. author shows that that form of the Sankya-Philosophy which bears name of Kapila forms the connecting link. That there were transitions from the one system to the other was known before, but upon this kind of transition the author sheds an entirely new light. Buddhism appears in this writing not as a reaction against a petrified Brahmanism, but as the opposition of the popular spirit against the threatening preponderance of the Brahmans, who at that time were at the zenith of their ecclesiastical power.

Of the posthumous works of the late Dr. F. R. Hasse, Professor of Church History in the University of Bonn, two have recently been published: a "His

tory of the Old Covenant," (Geschichte ! des Alten Bundes. Leipzic, 1863,) being a succinct, well-digested, and well-arranged history of the Jewish people; and the first volume of a "History of the Christian Church," which is to be completed in three volumes, (Kirchengeschichte, vol. i. Leipzic, 1864.) Professor Hasse is favorably known in the theological world by his great work on Anselm of Canterbury.

The work of Dr. Sepp on Jerusalem and the Holy Land (Jerusalem und das Heilige Land. Schaffhausen. 2 vols. 1864) is highly recommended by the literary papers of Germany for its thorough and exhaustive discussion of all the topographical questions. It is believed to dispose of many hitherto controverted points in an indisputable manner, and to take forever its rank among the standard works on the Holy Land. Professor Sepp is a Roman Catholic Professor of History at the University of Munich, and the author of a Life of Christ in seven volumes.

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Dr. Palmer, one of the standard writers of Protestant Germany on Christian ethics, has followed up his large theological manual by a more popular work entitled "The Ethics of Christianity,' (Die Moral des Christenthums. Stuttgardt, 1864.) He compares the fundamental doctrines of Christian faith with practical life, and shows that it is Christianity which gives to its professors a truly humane philosophy.

Professor Hagenbach of Basel has added to the large number of his popular and excellent theological manuals a new one on "Liturgies and Homiletics," (Grundlinien der Liturgik und Homiletik. Leipzic, 1864.)

Among other new announcements of theological books of Germany we find the following:

Professor Hahn, "The Doctrine of the Sacraments in its Historical Development in the Western Church up to the Council of Trent," (Die Lehre von den Sacraments. Breslau, 1864.)

Hengstenberg, "Commentary to the Gospel of St. John," vol. iii, which completes the work, (Evangelium des heil. Johannes. Berlin, 1864.)

Ewald, "The Fourth Book of Ezra, its Age, Arabic Translations, and recent Restoration," (Das vierte Ezrabuch. Göttingen, 1864.)

Heppe, "The Origin and Development of Lutheranism and its Ecclesiastical Confessions of Faith, from 1548 to 1576," (Entstehung und Fortbildlung des Lutherthums. Cassel, 1864.)

A new Life of Jesus is also announced from the pen of Professor Schenkel, of Heidelberg.

FRANCE.

The latest number of the "Annals of German Theology" brings an interesting article reviewing the entire recent literature on the History of French Protestantism. A brief abstract of this article may be of interest to many of our readers.

Protestantism was never the predominant religion in France. Though one of the great reformers of the sixteenth century, Calvin, was born in France, he did not remain in his country, and the Reformation, therefore, appeared as something of foreign growth. It never penetrated the masses of the people, but remained restricted to the nobility, especially the lower portion of it, to the educated classes of the people, scholars, merchants, mechanics, and the impulsive population of the South. The home of the medieval heretics became again that of the new ones; only the Cevennoles knew better how to defend their faith than the Albigenses. Protestant France did not produce a first-class theologian besides Calvin; even their most celebrated ministers, as Dumoulin, Claude Jurien, Saurin, etc., did not exercise upon their age as great an influence as Arndt, Spener, Bengel. On the other hand, we meet with a number of men, brave

champions of Protestantism, who wielded the sword as skillfully as the pen; of interesting characters, who were Protestants every inch of them, (Coligny, La Noue, Mornay, d'Aubigné;) of devoted martyrs, (Antoine Court, Paul Rabaut.) Such a history presents ample material for historical treatment.

The number of historians begun with Charles Coquerel, who, in 1841, wrote his work on "The Church of the Desert." He was in the most fortunate condition for compiling this work. He had access to the numerous family records of the family Rabaut, which were the more valuable at a time when but few printed sources of information could be obtained. The remembrance, still fresh, of the past persecutions, the

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general veneration in which the ministers of the desert were held, and the brilliant style, procured to the book of Coquerel many readers. The great sufferings of the sixty years (1727-1787) preceding the Edict of Toleration, the dangers incurred by all Protestants, and in particular by the ministers who endeavored to plant Protestant congregations, form the subject of the book. Many similar works now followed. The work of De Felice, on the History of French Protestantism, from the Reformation to the Present Age," is written gracefully and with great enthusiasm, but lacks critical keenness, and subsequent publications greatly diminished its value. Nevertheless, it still remains the only work embracing the whole period. (The recent work of Puaux on the History of French Protestantism, in six volumes, is of a more popular caste, and of little scientific value.)

A work of great importance is "La France Protestante," edited by the brothers Haag, and giving the lives of all French Protestants who in various ways distinguished themselves. The whole, completed in ten volumes, is a noble testimony of persevering industry, and by far the best work extant on the history of French Protestantism.

Simultaneously with the publication of the first volume of the France Protestante a periodical was established, entitled Bulletin de la Societe de l'histoire du Protestantisme Francais, and specially devoted to elucidating the history of French Protestantism. It is likewise an indispensable source of information for every one by whom the history of French Protestantism is made a special study.

The history of French Protestantism may be divided into three periods: 1. Origin of French Protestantism up to the Edict of Nantes, 1521-1598. The period of Enthusiasm and Fermentation. 2. From the Edict of Nantes to its ReVocation, 1685. The period of Languor and Tranquillity. 3. From the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes to the Edict of Toleration of Louis XVI., (1787.)

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and was for a long time the chief Protestant city of France. A history of the Church of Nimes has therefore a special importance for all Protestant France. News on the origin of the Reformation in Bearn is given by C. Schmidt in the work on Gerard Roussel, (1845,) who was a clergyman at the court of Margaret of Navarre, and became the Reformer of the Kingdom of Bearn. Valuable information on the origin of Protestant Churches in Bretagne and Normandy are given by Vaurigaud, minister in Nantes, in the newly edited "Chronicles of Philippe le Noir, Sieur de Crevain." A history of the Church in Paris is in the course of preparation, by Ath. Coquerel, Jr. The best information of the spring-time of French Protestantism is found in the letters of Calvin, addressed to "Congregations and Private Persons," collected by Bonnett, and admirably commented upon by Mignet in the Journal des Savants, (1857-'59.) Mignet has promised a history of the Reformation, a work which is expected with profound anxiety, as no scholar has a more thorough knowledge of the history of France during the sixteenth century.

Theodore Beza, the great theologian of Strasburg, who has done more for the Church of France than all others, has found an able biographer in Professor Baum, of Strasburg, whose work is distinguished for abundance of material, critical keenness, and accuracy of style.

The life of another hero of French Protestantism, Coligny, has been well described by E. Stähelin in the Protestantische Monatsblätter of Gelzer for 1858. New information on the admiral and the entire family of the Chatillons may be expected from the publication of their letters, a collection of which is being prepared by Charles Reid and Felix Bourquelot. On the life of Renata d'Este, Duchess of Ferrara, daughter of Louis XII., who had a greater influence upon the religious movements of the sixteenth century than any other French woman, except Johanna d'Albret, a very interesting biography may soon be expected from the pen of Jules Bonnett.

No event of the sixteenth century has called forth a more numerous literature than the night of St. Bartholomew. Was it premeditated, or was it the result of a rash determination? This question is equally important from a psychological and historical point of view, and equally insolvable. Soldan

Among the most important works on the origin of French Protestantism belong Triqueti, "The First Days of Protestantism in France," and H. Lutteroth, "The Reformation in France," and the "History of the Church of Nimes," by Borrel. Nimes is an old Huguenot city, FOURTH SERIES, VOL. XVI.-21

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in his essay, "France and the Night of St. Bartholomew," (Raumer's Historisches Taschenbuch, 1854,) thought to have decided the question forever against premeditation; but the brothers Haag are of the contrary opinion. lenz declares in favor of the view of Ranke, who attributes to Charles IX. such a duplicity that he may have had opposite objects in view at the same time. An interesting contribution to this class of literature is a pamphlet by Ath. Coquerel, fils, which originally appeared in the Nouvelle Revue de Theologie. The two principal German works on the history of French Protestantism are W. Soldan, 16 History of French Protestantism to the Death of Charles IX.," two volumes, 1853; and Polenz, "History of French Calvinism," three volumes. The former gives the history of the parties and of the spirit which moved them. The first three volumes of Polenz reach to the year 1575; the following will carry on the history to the year 1789. If completed, it will be the most comprehensive German work on the history of Calvinism. On the relation of the Huguenots to Germany an excellent work was commenced by Barthold, a German historian of note, (Deutschland und die Hugenotten, vol. i, 1849,) but unfortunately it has never been completed. The Prospects of French Protestantism at the time when Henry IV., the first king who had been brought up a Huguenot, ascended the throne, and very ably discussed in Stähelin's work on the going over of Henry to the Roman Catholic Church, (Der Uebertritt Heinrichs IV., Zur Katholischen Kirche. Basel, 1856.) The chief representatives of Protestant literature during this period are treated of by Sayous in his work Etudes Litteraires

| sur les ecrivains Francais de la Reformation, 2 vols., 1854. The theological literature of this period has not yet found its historian.

In the second period of its history French Protestantism offers less fruitful topics for discussion. The efforts of the Protestant noblemen to defend the civil rights of their co-religionists may be learned from Anquez's Assemblées Politiques. A. Schweizer, in his work on the "Central Doctrines of the Reformed Church," reviews the religious controversies in the Reformed Church of France. Two French works by Nicolas and Vinet speak, the one of the Protestant University, and the other of the great pulpit orators of the seventeenth century. The first review of the history of the whole period is given by Weiss, in his Histoire des Refugiés, which deservedly received a prize from the French Academy.

One of the best works on the third period of the history is Hoffman's "History of the Insurrection of the Cevennes." Peyrat's Histoire des Pasteurs du Desert, 2 vols., 1842, is a copious compilation of interesting incidents, but has little scientific value. The greatest mar. tyr of the desert, Claude Brousson, (died 1698,) has found a biographer in H. Baynes's "Evangelist of the Desert," (London, 1863.)

A satisfactory biography of Antoine Court has not yet been written, which is the more to be regretted, as his interesting manuscripts have never yet been sufficiently made use of.

Ath. Coquerel, fils, has published, as the first installment of his biography of Paul Rabaut, an interesting pamphlet on the celebrated trial of Jean Calas.

ART. XII-SYNOPSIS OF THE QUARTERLIES, AND OTHERS OF THE HIGHER PERIODICALS.

American Quarterly Reviews.

AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN AND THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, January, 1864. (New York.)-1. The Latin Patriarchate. 2. The Epistle of Barnabas. 3. The Regula Fidei: or, the Gospel of John. 4. Education in the Presbyterian Church. 5. The Theory of Preparation for Preaching. 6. The Bohemian Reformation. 7. Renan's Life of Jesus.

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