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paternal roof; supposing he were named after his grandfather, the new title of the house would have been Jack o' Bill o' Jack's. An anecdote is related of a girl in this district who upon being presented with a letter at her father's door by a messenger who inquired for him as Mr., using his surname, returned it with the answer that she knew no such person; an act of forgetfulness imputed to the fact of her rarely, if ever, having heard her father spoken of otherwise than by his christian name appended to those of his progenitors. This circumstance will appear the more singular when it is known that the person referred to was a man of some property and consideration in his neighbourhood; indeed, a man of lower rank in that locality could scarcely have had a letter sent to him.

In this same neighbourhood in particular, and throughout the country, a barbarous mode of fighting prevails, designated, to distinguish it from boxing, (which is rarely resorted to and but little known,) "up. and-down," a very descriptive term, as the one who is thrown may be mutilated and bruised ad libitum by his antagonist, whilst on the ground and powerless. These contests, moreover, are subject to no specific rules, feet, hands, and teeth, being the ready agents of war; indeed, the combatants are often supplied with strongly-made boots, well studded at the fore-part with hook-headed nails, for the purpose of using the feet with effect; an approved mode of doing which is, after one of the two is thrown, and whilst he still remains prostrate, for the other to retreat a few paces in order to gain an impetus, when he will rush upon his antagonist, and with his greatest possible force administer a kick, by which, probably, several ribs will be broken, or more serious injuries than fractured bones be inflicted. In the particular locality referred to, one favourite mode of treating the fallen is, "putting the damper in," i. e. throttling, which sometimes ends fatally. At races and fairs, only a very few years since, scenes of the most disgusting description might be witnessed; a couple of men, sometimes boys, stretched on the ground, fighting like dogs, and streaming with blood from wounds inflicted by the teeth, the prostrate position of the brutes precluding the use of the more serious aids, the feet. So frequent and fatal have been these up-anddown fights in former years, that the assizes at Lancaster seldom passed without the trial of some manslaughter case arising out of the destruction of one or more parties at these savage orgies.

Amongst the barbarous sports annually practised at wakes, the baiting of bulls, badgers, and sometimes bears, stood prominent: this cruel pastime was not discontinued until it became illegal, by the passing, a few years ago, of the Act of Parliament against cruelty to animals. I may relate, as characteristic of the scene and the actors, a little colloquy which passed between two friends as they were about to return home from one of these merry-makings. One of the men addressed his companion as follows:-"Hast t' foughten?" (Have you fought?) and receiving the answer, "Now" (No), exclaimed, "Geh thee foughten, and let's goo whoam," (Fight, and let us go home). The advice was followed; the man ran up to a bystander and knocked him down, for the sole purpose of affording gratification to his savage love of violence, without an opportunity for the indulgence of which the holiday would have been spiritless.

The parish of Manchester is of very great extent, comprising not only the towns of Manchester and Salford, but stretching for many miles over the surrounding districts; the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the collegiate church is, consequently, very considerable. Nor is it a vested power merely that it exercises; it possesses a vital, a sort of traditionary, influence in church matters over the people, especially those living in the more remote districts within the extensive boundaries of its right.

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a marriage solemnized in any other than "th' owd church" invalid; this feeling is especially predominant among the country people, who, on occasions of christenings and marriages, flock to its sacred porch, to the total disregard of the numerous new churches, although the latter be in their own immediate neighbourhood. To apportion a few more minutes to Manchester. As it gradually assumed the position of a metropolis-the capital of the manufacturing district--it became the resort of enterprising capitalists, both foreign and native; and thus, while its population received, as it were, an instantaneous and immense acceleration, the native manners were blended with, and ameliorated by, the more refined usages of the strangers. The very nature of the inducement, which was sufficient to impel men at remote distances to make this their common place of abode, is also a guarantee of their being individually of an enterprising and ambitious spirit, to say the least. The social habits of a particular class have no doubt been greatly modified by Germans, who now constitute a great portion of the whole community. Besides the circumstance of a number of moving spirits, being, as it were, amalgamated into one vast mind, there is another cause of the sudden development of the intellectual power of Manchester-the articles of trade which it produced were not obtained except by various and most elaborate processes of mechanical skill; occupations so stimulating to the energies of the human mind could not fail to produce effects even on those who, performing an assigned part only, might almost be themselves considered components of the great machine. Such being the fact, we can easily understand how the taste of the community came to show itself in the love of scientific pursuits, and enjoyments which enliven the faculties of the mind rather than please the natural propensities. Thus the institutions, which are at once the wonder of neighbours and the admiration of strangers, came to be established, from which are promulged those enlarged principles and true notions which characterize not merely the general tone in this important town and district, but even individual undertakings and private views. In those localities where this new state of things is yet to commence, the people are still the uncivilized, the barbarous Saxons they have ever been. More than this, in the very town spoken of there are particular neighbourhoods-whole districts-in which the native manners still prevail; their denizens exist without the influence of this precocious, and yet limited, intellectual dictation. In fact, the dissimilar character of different divisions of the community is particularly worthy of note: on the right hand, we observe knowledge, civilization, refinement; on the other, not merely the absence of these, not merely vulgarity and coarseness, but positive ignorance, violence, and brutality. The transition from Athenian politeness to Gothic barbarism is often sudden and complete, and sometimes without there being any great disparity in the rank or station of the individual, or wealth of the class, in which this difference may be

(1) Amongst the various chapels in this venerable edifice, formerly appropriated to their respective founders, as peculiar places in which to worship, and as the burying-places of themselves and their descendants, is one belonging to Sir Thomas Joseph de Trafford, of Trafford Park, near Manchester, a Roman Catholic gentle

man, whose arms are emblazoned on several windows in the church. Although this chapel has been incorporated with that portion of the church applied to the use of the parishioners generally, it is still the property of the Trafford family, who now, as in days of yore, bury their dead here. A few years ago, the second son chapel. The funeral was conducted in rather a remarkable manof the gentleman above named died, and was buried under this ner. Before the body was removed from the roof of its ancestors a Romish priest said over it the burial-service, as adopted by the Church of Rome; and on the arrival of the coffin at the church porch it was met by a clergyman, attached to the church, in his canonicals, who, with two Romish priests, attended it to the grave, into which it was lowered in silence.

Madame Malibran, who suddenly expired at Manchester, during one of the musical festivals given there, was, by the desire of the owner, buried underneath the Trafford chapel: subsequently the

Many of the common people would almost consider body was exhumed, and conveyed to the continent.

observed: as certain portions of the labouring population, not yet illumed by the new light, remain almost in their primitive rudeness; so a sacred few of the rich and influential, not necessarily coming, or refusing to be allured within the sphere of this luminary, maintain in all their integrity their provincial manners.

The advanced state of society in Manchester, and the surrounding parts, is attributable to the peculiar circumstances attendant upon the introduction of manufactures into the country. Had this never happened, the people of Lancashire, far from serving as patterns to the whole kingdom, would now have been literally barbarous, and their habits and manners would have been such as to excite the astonishment of their more civilized countrymen. Their brutality would have been of that description which characterized the middle ages, if, indeed, it would not have exceeded the rudeness of the Southerns at any distinguishable epoch in the history of man.

THE MAIDEN AUNT.-No. IV.1

CHAP. V.

SELF-CONCEIT is either intensely obstinate or servilely pliant, according to the breadth of the basis of self-confidence on which it rests. Mrs. Willoughby was so anxious to establish her claim to be considered an untaught genius, that she was afraid to oppose Mr. Thornton's opinion, and chimed in with it so readily that she hoped to throw her original view quite into the background. But she was really good-natured, and she therefore proceeded to claim his sympathy for her unfortunate protégée on other grounds.

"They are so very poor," she said, "and such deserying people. Quite gentlewomen, too."

Miss Brown rose abruptly. "I would rather go, if you please," she said, in a low tremulous voice, to Edith, her colour varying, and her hands shaking as she tried to fasten her bonnet. "Mamma is only waiting for me at the lodge. I" Edith cut short her distressing effort at composure by drawing her arm within hers, and leading her at once into the garden.

"The air will do you good," said she, soothingly. Oh, pray excuse me I have been very foolish," returned her companion, hurriedly, " I could not help it. Indeed I have not intended to be conceited, I never wanted to be a genius-only we are poor, you see;" and her cheek burned as she spoke the word with painful emphasis, "and they all fancied I had talent; and I have been thinking for a long time that I should be able to save mamma from having to work for her livelihood-and she" here her assumed strength gave way at once, and bursting into tears, she added, "Oh, how

shall I tell her?"

"Let me

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come with you," said Edith, much distressed. Pray don't try to restrain your feelingsdon't think of me as a stranger. Sit down on this bench-there-(taking her hand) you will be better

soon."

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colour, and who is trying to believe that the neutral tint of aimless indifference is better than either. "I wish I could persuade you-" began Edith, with some hesitation.

"No; do not," interrupted she quickly, "do not persuade me, out of kindness, to believe again. It is better to know the truth at once; and hope is only another name for disappointment. Good-bye, and thank you very much." She turned as she was leaving Edith, and suddenly, with an averted face and much agitation of manner, said, "Will you forgive my asking you one more favour? Mrs. Willoughby is very kind, and I am very grateful to her, but-" she stopped, seemingly unable to articulate another word.

"You don't wish to see her again," cried Edith, eager to divine her meaning, and save her from the pain of expressing it. "I will take care that she does not follow you."

"Thank you," said the other, half smiling, "but I did not mean that."

"What then?" inquired Edith.

"

Why, she may probably-I am afraid-out of mistaken kindness-she might ask to have those drawings bought for charity-and, will you prevent this?" The last words were spoken with sudden vehemence, and she clasped her hands over her burning face.

"Trust it to me," said Edith earnestly and kindly. "Don't let that idea trouble you for a moment. I will before take care that it shall not be done. And now, you go, have the kindness to give me your address, for assure you I am not inclined to let our acquaintance end here."

"Thank you, thank you," said the poor girl, once more uncovering her eyes.

"Don't thank me," answered Edith, playfully," but do as I ask, if you please." She drew forth pencil and paper, and wrote the words which her companion tremulously pronounced," Alice Brown, 5, West-street, Beechwood, Dorsetshire."

"Beechwood!" cried Edith," why, that is the name of Mrs. Dalton's place, and that, too, is in Dorsetshire." is four miles from the town of Beechwood." "Yes," replied Alice, "that is Beechwood Park. It

"Then I shall see 'you before very long, for I am going to Beechwood in three weeks." And the two girls parted-with what different destinations! Edith's heart sank as in the fulness of her bright and prosperous beauty she stood watching the slow walk of the shabby and drooping figure which had just left her. She involuntarily pictured the meeting at the lodgethe watchful, anxious mother-the agonizing disappointment-the loving attempts at unreal consolation on either side-and the desolate return to the small, dingy, un-home-like room in the sombre street of a third-rate country town. Tear after tear of pure compassion did she wipe from her eyes; but, two little months afterwards she would have encountered all that gloom, and poured forth double those tears, for leave to change places with the poor, neglected, unattractive Alice Brown, if by so doing she could have undone her

from a reverie, in which such thoughts as this certainly had no part, by her brother's voice.

"I am better now," faltered she, struggling to re-experience of life as Edith Kinnaird! She was roused press her sobs. "I will go at once. Pray excuse me. I would rather go alone. You are very kind. I am extremely obliged to you, but I would rather go by myself."

"You shall do exactly as you please," replied Edith, gently, and cordially shaking her young companion's hand, ere she dropped it. "But are you sure that you are able to walk so far as the lodge without assistance?"

"O yes, quite, thank you," answered Miss Brown, with forced cheerfulness and a painful smile. "I am well again, I assure you. It is much better as it is. I shall never be so foolish again," she added, with a dreary, desolate resignation, like one whose life has been robbed of the single hope which gave it light and

(1) Continued from page 391.

to

"Tears, Edith? I am glad you have some sympathy spare for any but the fictitious, sentimental sorrows of your German hero and heroine!"

Frank detained her.

The taunt seemed peculiarly unkind and undeserved, and Edith was turning resentfully away, but "Do not go, Edith, I want to talk to you about your friends. Even you must allow that they did not exhibit the fairest side of their characters this morning."

"You seem determined to provoke me, and I don't know what you mean," replied Edith, indignantly. but I do not see what fault could be found with any "Mrs. Willoughby behaved with heartless vulgarity;

one else."

"You think, then," answered Frank, "that it is | perfectly consistent with courtesy, and sincerity, and christian charity, to ridicule an ignorant and conceited woman to her face; to assist in persuading her she is as clever as she believes herself to be; to act submission and obedience to her in such a manner as to make her absurdity more glaring for the enjoyment of the bystanders."

"I think such self-sufficiency as Mrs. Willoughby's is fair game for anybody's wit," said Edith, somewhat embarrassed.

"Yes, if you take a fair shot at it," replied Frank; "but this was laying a trap, which is never fair. And that Mrs. Dalton-I do not like her at all; and I wish with all my heart, Edith, that you wouldn't make a friend of her. I don't like all this German sentimentalism and unreal nonsense; making women discontented with their homes, and teaching them to think themselves unappreciated angels, whom nobody can understand, and whom nobody is worthy to sympathize with. All that is flimsy-so morbid so thoroughly un-English."

"You don't know Mrs. Dalton," exclaimed Edith; 'you were only introduced to her a fortnight ago, and you have never sought her society, so that you cannot know anything of her character. Where is the christian charity, pray, in deciding against her without reason in this manner?"

"But I have reason," retorted Frank, "and I know her quite well enough-that is to say, I should be very sorry to know her better. I know that she is married to a most excellent man, who doats upon her, and that she does not make his home happy, and tries to make the world believe her to be an interesting victim."

"It is not true," cried Edith, warmly. "I wonder, Frank, you can believe such stories. I wish you would have a little more consideration, and remember that you are speaking of my dear friend."

"Your dear friend!" repeated Frank, with that sort of sneer which a woman finds harder to bear than the bitterest taunts-a sneer which seems to imply that her feelings are too worthless and unreal even to be discussed. "And as to the stories not being true, I will just ask you one question. Have you not heard her profess that she never was in love in her life?"

"Well," answered Edith, reluctantly, “but you know that may be true-”

"A pretty speech for a married woman to make, whether true or false," interrupted Frank, bluntly; "and to make to her husband's face, too, as I know she does! However, my dear Edith, don't let us talk about her. Seriously, it annoys me excessively to see the manner in which you are flirting-it is not what I like at all you are making poor Vaughan in love with you again, and you are positively coquetting with Thornton and Delamaine, neither of whom, I do believe, care sixpence for you in their hearts. I am quite sure, to speak plainly, your behaviour is the very reverse of what Everard would like."

There was a tone of authority in this unpleasant speech which rendered it peculiarly galling; moreover, after the unexpected and injudicious attack which Frank had just made on her particular friend, Edith felt less than ever inclined to submission. She replied with glowing cheeks and considerable temper, "I am not a child, Frank, and I assure you, I can judge better what I ought to do than any man-men are no judges of women. And if Captain Everard thinks ill of me, let him speak for himself-he does not seem in a hurry to do so."

These last words were spoken in a low tone of voice and with face averted. They were awkwardly true, and Frank did not quite know how to answer them; he accordingly renewed his attack in another form.

"I wonder you can tolerate the attentions of such a well-known butterfly as Thornton; he was desperately in love with Lady Emily Rivers two months ago, and

to-morrow he will be at the feet of Miss Glamis, the Scotch beauty, who is to be the grand attraction at this ridiculous bazaar. Altogether, Edith, I do hope you will be on your guard at this bazaar, and not make yourself conspicuous."

Edith had recovered her temper, though not her equanimity, and she answered with a laugh,—

"Oh, my dear foolish brother, please don't agitate yourself into a virtuous fever about poor innocent me, who never flirted in my life. I shall have to put you on a turban and introduce you everywhere as my chaperon."

"Well, Edith," said Frank, sullenly, "a joke is not a reason.'

"No, nor a solemn speech either," retorted she; "at least I'm sure it is often the most unreasonable nonsense in the world. The truth is," added she, as if speaking gravely to herself, "he is getting very uncomfortable because he has got nobody to flirt with himself, and so he must needs try to find out flirtations in other people. Never mind, Frank, dear, I'll take good care to occupy Mr. Thornton to-morrow, and you shall have Miss Glamis all to yourself."

Frank would not smile.

"You are trying to provoke me, Edith," said he, "but it won't do." "Now, do you

"Won't it really?" replied Edith. know, I thought it was doing very well." The colour rushed into his face as he exclaimed with vehemence,

"I do believe there was never a woman in the world who was not a thorough coquette at heart, and who did not love teasing better than anything else."

"And with that pretty sentiment, which must vindicate with every woman your claim to be judge and adviser general of the sex-I leave you," returned Edith, forcing a laugh as she ran into the house.

Edith's pride was roused and her temper irritated. She felt all the injustice of her brother's remarks too keenly to feel the justice of them at all. If there was a latent spark of real coquetry in her heart it was roused by his most unwise and taunting assertion that "Mr. Thornton did not care sixpence for her." She felt, moreover, as she had said, that she was no longer a child, and that he was treating her as though she were one. She resolved to show her independence, and she felt secretly certain that Miss Glamis would not attract Mr. Thornton from her side at the bazaar on the following day. She told herself that she was not flirting-that she was only legitimately enjoying herself that Lord Vaughan was not in love with her, and that Mr. Thornton and she were only forming a friendship. When she thought of her brother's strictures on Amy Dalton, she could not contain her indignation. "It shows clearly," thought she, "how determined he is to find fault with everything that I do, and it would be quite weak to give way to it. But it is not like my own dear Frank-it is quite unkind. I know what I will do. I will tease him thoroughly to-morrow morning, by way of a little innocent revenge, and then I will talk to him afterwards and coax him, and make him see that he has been foolish, and that I don't deserve all these terrible denunciations."

Such was the satisfactory result of Frank Kinnaird's judicious lecture; such the mood in which Edith went to her stall at the fancy bazaar !

And where was Philip Everard? And what was he thinking? It is time to inquire.

THE fountain of content must spring up in the mind; and he who has so little knowledge of human nature as to seek happiness by changing any thing but his own disposition, will waste his life in fruitless efforts, and multiply the griefs which he purposes to remove.— Johnson.

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""Tis not in mortals to command success :

But we'll do more, Sempronius,--we'll deserve it."
Cato, Act I. Scene 2.-sub fin.

It is now two years since with timid step and down-cast eyes, we, like a bashful débutante, made our first appearance upon the stage of Literature, and appealed to the reading public for support and sympathy, animated by the hope that we should be found to have that within us which might eventually succeed in winning their approbation. Since that time we have appeared before them in many parts, which (our bashfulness having in great measure worn off) we venture to say must, when viewed collectively, speak volumes in our favour. We have carefully studied each of these parts, read and re-read them, corrected all faults that we were able to discern in them, added such illustrations as our taste might dictate, and on all occasions endeavoured so to act, as to do full justice to the language and sentiments of the various Authors who have composed our parts for us. Nor have we been disappointed in our expectation; even in the beginning of our career, ere our ingenuous timidity had departed, in the days when a frown would have chilled the life-blood in our veins, an indulgent Public received us with smiles of approbation, and the sunshine of their favour rapidly increased our circulation. But with our success our ambition has kept pace, our desire for approbation grows by what it feeds on, and we are determined if we are to be a star to become one of the first magnitude. Addressing ourselves to none of the minor sympathies of class, we act solely with a view to improve, while we endeavour to interest and amuse, the public generally; we would fain have all the world, not a stage, but an audience.

To drop metaphor, however, and condescend to plain English, we must trespass on the reader's patience while we remind him of the principles with which we commenced our undertaking, and, pointing out to him how by a steady adherence to them we have attained the high position we now hold, call his attention to the exertions we are about to make, to carry out these principles still more fully, and explain to him our reasons for believing our efforts will be rewarded by a success more brilliant and complete than any we have yet achieved. The object which we originally proposed to ourselves, and which we have hitherto kept steadily in view, was to provide a work of sufficient intrinsic merit, alike in the literary matter with which its pages were furnished, as in the illustrations which embellished them, to ensure its popularity with the upper and middle classes of society at a price which should place it within the reach of the many whose store is to be reckoned by pence instead of pounds.

The expenses attendant upon an attempt of this nature are of a magnitude scarcely to be conceived by any one not accustomed to the details of literary transactions, and our subscribers had to be counted by tens of thousands ere we could feel anything like a certainty of the success of our experiment: however, it might truly be said of us, "we lisped in numbers and the numbers came;" fortune usually smiles on those who court her favours boldly, or, to adopt the style of an illustrious Mosaic-Arabian Contemporary, "first-rate articles at reduced prices" will always meet with the patronage of an enlightened public.

At the end of two years, however, with a circulation already surpassing our most sanguine expectations, and rapidly increasing, with favourable notices appearing in the columns of most of the leading journals throughout the kingdom, and with a staff of contributors combining an amount of talent not to be exceeded by that of any periodical of the day, the success of our undertaking is no longer problematical, and we gladly avail ourselves of this opportunity of expressing our gratitude to the public for the kind patronage they have bestowed upon us.

Thus much for the past: we will now say a word or two of our arrangements for the future. In accordance with the wishes of a large majority of our subscribers we propose to discontinue the dark heading at the commencement of the weekly numbers; which will enable us to give the illustrations for the future the full size of the page, while it will add very materially to the effective appearance of the volume: moreover, in order to do thorough justice to the talents of the very eminent artists and engravers whose valuable assistance we have been fortunate enough to secure, we have determined no longer to print at the back of the engraving. Amongst these we are proud to reckon the names of,—

A. ELMORE, Esq. A.R.A.
E. FROST, ESQ. A.R.A.
H. K. BROWNE, ESQ.
G. DODGSON, Esq.
W. F. TOPHAM, ESQ.
J. MOLE, ESQ.

ARTISTS.

S. READ, ESQ.
E. DUNCAN, Esq.

A. JOHNSON, Esq.

J. J. JENKINS, ESQ.
J. ABSOLON, Esq.

C. KEENE, ESQ.
KENNY MEADOWS, ESQ.
W. HARVEY, Esq.
F. R. PICKERSGILL, ESQ.
J. FRANKLIN, ESQ.

ENGRAVERS.
MR. G. DALZIEL.
MR. E. DALZIEL.
MR. JAMES COOPER.

These improvements will enable us to present our Subscribers with illustrations of a style and character hitherto unequalled, and which will set competition at defiance. When we add that our staff of contributors has received very valuable reinforcements; that we have made arrangements with the talented Authoress of the "Maiden Aunt," to continue the interesting sketches of domestic life which, under that title, have from time to time enriched our pages, and to contribute more largely than we have hitherto been able to prevail upon her to do; that we hope to present our readers with some curious and original matter relative to our possessions in India from the pen of a well-known popular writer on that remarkable country; that a marked improvement will be perceptible in the poetical department, as well as decided alterations for the better in the printing and general getting-up of the Magazine, and that the Author of "Frank Fairlegh" has consented to undertake the duties of Editor; we trust that we shall have established a claim on the public for support and encouragement, which we cannot for a moment doubt will be met with the same kind liberality with which our efforts in their service have always hitherto been received, and which will more than recompense the heavy calls on our exchequer which our determination to secure talent wherever it could be found has occasioned. And with a modest confidence that our forth-coming volume will more than realize the promises we have held forth, we make our bow, and take a very respectful farewell of our readers till the FIRST OF NOVEmber.

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