156 29 ingeni, pred. gen. after an understood erat: this was [a proof] not only of his genius, etc.

156 30 ut... esset, result clause in app. with hoc (1. 29).

157 1 (SECT. 6.) iucundus, etc.: ever since the introduction of Greek culture at Rome, it had been customary for cultivated Romans of high rank to entertain Greek men of letters in their houses, partly as tutors and partly as companions. Such associates frequently accompanied their patrons on their journeys and even on their campaigns. — Metello Numidico: the most distinguished member of this family. He was predecessor of Marius in the war against Jugurtha, and from this service in Numidia received his agnomen.

157 2 Aemilio, i.e. M. Æmilius Scaurus (cos. B.C. 115), for many years princeps senatus.

1573 Catulo : see note on p. 156, l. 23. — L. Crasso: the most distinguished orator of his time, a man of genius and culture (see Introd., ch. ii, p. xxxiv); he died B.C. 91.

157 4 Drusum (M. Livius), tribune B.C. 91, a distinguished orator and statesman, who lost his life in a vain attempt to reconcile the aristocratic and democratic factions in the republic. - Octavios: see Cat. iii, sect. 24.· Catonem: probably the father of the famous Cato of

Utica is meant.

1575 Hortensiorum: the most eminent of these was Q. Hortensius, the rival of Cicero and his opponent in the case of Verres.

157 8 si qui forte, those (if there were any) who, etc.

157 11 Heracliam: an important Greek city on the southern coast of Lucania. In the war with Pyrrhus it had fought on the side of the Romans, and B.C. 278 it entered into an alliance of the closest and most favorable character (aequissimo iure ac foedere).

III. CONFIRMATIO (§§ 7-30)

Sects. 7-11. Archias received Roman citizenship under the Lex Plautia-Papiria, complying with all the provisions of that law. The evidence of this cannot be shaken; the testimony of the census is unnecessary. No further argument is needed; the case is closed.

157 15 (SECT. 7.) Silvani lege, etc., i.e. the Lex Plautia-Papiria, of the tribunes M. Plautius Silvanus and C. Papirius Carbo (not to be confounded with his infamous cousin Cneius, the Marian leader after the death of Cinna), extended the Roman citizenship to all Italian communities which had not yet received it. These towns now exchanged

their independence for Roman citizenship, and became incorporated with the republic; though many of them, as Heraclia, hesitated about making the change, and did it with great reluctance. They lost all rights of independent government (such as that of coining money, the ius exsili, etc.). Latin became the official language; justice was administered by Roman law; and in most cases their government was organized on the model of Rome, having duumviri for consuls, and a curia for the Senate. The passage here given from the Plautian-Papirian Law contains its application to citizens of foreign birth, like Archias. — si qui, etc. the law is quoted in indir. disc., but the main clause is omitted, being implied in data est; see § 592, 2 (341, c); G. 663, 2, b; H.-B. 535, I, a.

157 18 essent professi, should have declared their intention.

157 19 Q. Metellum [Pium], prætor, B.C. 89: the most eminent living member of this family, and one of the leaders of the aristocracy. 157 22 (SECT. 8.) Grati, the complainant (see Introd., p. 154 of text). 158 religione, conscientiousness.

1586 desideras, call for (lit. miss, feel the want of). — Italico bello, i.e. the Social War: § 424, d (259, a); G. 394, R.; H. 486 (429); H.-B. 439, a, 3.

158 11 municipi: since the bestowal of the Roman citizenship, the Italian civitates had become Roman municipia (see Introd., p. liii).

158 12 idem, you yourself (lit. the same man).

158 15 (SECT. 9.) In sect. 8 Cicero shows that Archias was a citizen of Heraclia and so came under the first requirement of the law; in sect. 9 he claims that his client had also complied with the other two requirements (domicilium and professio). — civitatem datam, i.e. by the law before cited.

158 17 professione, list of declarations.

158 18 conlegio: the prætors, when regarded as a whole, could be spoken of as a "board."

158 19 cum, while. — Appi, i.e. Appius Claudius, husband of Cæcilia (the friend of Roscius: see Rosc. Am., sect. 50) and father of the infamous Clodius.

158 20 Gabini: see Introd. to Pompey's Military Command.

158 21 damnationem: he was condemned, B.C. 54, for extortion on complaint of the Achæans.

158 23 L. Lentulum: nothing further is known of him; he probably presided over a court (iudices) to determine cases involving citizenship under the new law.

158 29 (SECT. 10.) multis and praeditis are dat. after impertiebant; arte, abl. after praeditis.

158 30 Graecia, i.e. Magna Græcia, the Greek cities of Italy.

158 31 credo (ironical), I suppose. -Locrensis: Locri Epizephyrii, a Greek city near Rhegium.

158 32 quod relates to id, which is governed by largiri understood. 159 ingeni limits gloria, which depends on praedito.

159 2 civitatem datam, i.e. by the Lex Plautia-Papiria.

159 3 legem Papiam: see Introd. to the oration, p. 154 of text. 159 4 illis, sc. tabulis, i.e. of Tarentum, Rhegium, and Naples. 1596 (SECT. II.) census: the lists of citizens made out by the censors for purposes of taxation. These were, of course, excellent evidence on a question of citizenship; but they were not needed in this case.requiris: cf. desideras in the same sense in sect. 8 (p. 158, 1. 6). - est obscurum (ironical), it is not generally known.

1597 proximis, abl. of time: translate by under. The censors referred to were L. Gellius and Cn. Lentulus (B.C. 70.) — clarissimo : observe the art with which Cicero here again calls attention to the connection of Archias with the distinguished Romans any one of whom could at any moment have procured him the citizenship if he had not already possessed it.

159 8 apud exercitum, i.e. in the war against Mithridates (see Pompey's Military Command). — superioribus, sc. censoribus. New censors were regularly appointed every five years; those here referred to were Q. Marcius Philippus and M. Perperna (B.C. 86). In the present instance the succession had been interfered with by Sulla, but restored in B.C. 70.

1599 in Asia: this was in the First Mithridatic War, in which Lucullus served as quæstor to Sulla. — primis, i.e. the first after the passage of the Lex Plautia-Papiria: these were L. Julius Cæsar and P. Crassus (B.C. 89).

159 14 esse versatum (sc. eum), had availed himself of: this clause is the obj. of criminaris. — testamentum, etc., acts which no foreigner could do.

159 16 in beneficiis, etc., his name was reported for a reward from the state (i.e. on the ground of some special merit); this, of course, implied citizenship.

159 18 suo, etc., i.e. Archias and his friends knew that he was a citizen and had acted as such, whatever might be said on the other side.

At this point Cicero practically rests his case. The remainder of his speech is devoted to the praise of poetry and literature. This eulogy

is, however, skilfully connected with the argument. Literature is useful in the state, he contends, and poets are particularly in favor with great men. Hence Archias could not have failed to receive the citizenship as a gift from some of his illustrious Roman friends if he had not held it already. Since he is a citizen, so eminent and useful a man should be protected in his rights.

Sects. 12-16. Literature is an indispensable relaxation and also a source of moral strength. Hence all famous men have been devoted to letters. The dignity and delight of liberal

study.

...

159 20 (SECT. 12.) ubi (= locum ubi) . . . reficiatur, rel. clause of purpose.

159 22 suppetere has for subject the suppressed antecedent of quod. posse (with a fut. force), should be able.

159 24 contentionem, strain.

159 25 ego (emphat.), etc., for my part I admit, etc. We should remember that the more old-fashioned of Cicero's contemporaries were still inclined to regard literary and artistic pursuits as frivolous in comparison with the more “truly Roman" professions of war and politics (cf. Æneid, vi. 847 ff.). Hence it was important for Cicero to show that literature was of practical value to the man of affairs.

159 26 his studiis, the study of letters in general, including all varieties of literature, poetry as well as prose.

159 30 nullius tempore, etc., the necessities or interests of no one (i.e. as a client).

160 1 (Sect. 13.) ceteris depends on conceditur (1. 4).

160 3 ad ipsam requiem, even to repose.

160 4 temporum limits quantum (1. 3), which has tantum (1. 6) for antecedent. - alii: notice how this differs in meaning from ceteris (1. 1), the first-mentioned pursuits (attending to business, celebrating festivals, etc.) are common to everybody, the last (being dissipations) belong only to "some people."-tempestivis conviviis, early dinners, i.e. beginning by daylight, or in business hours, a mark of luxury and idleness: we should refer to "late dinners."

160 8 oratio et facultas: hendiadys. — quantacumque, etc., i.e. such as I have (a modest disclaimer).

160 9 periculis: Cicero prided himself on defending cases rather than acting for the prosecution (cf. amicorum temporibus, etc., Pompey's Military Command, sect. 1).

160 10 quae, i.e. the mere ability to speak.—illa (obj. of hauriam), i.e. the moral character resulting from the praecepta mentioned below. 160 12 (SECT. 14.) multorum, i.e. great minds whose thoughts have found expression in literature. - multis litteris, wide reading.

160 13 nihil esse, etc., these doctrines had been the commonplaces of philosophy and letters for hundreds of years before Cicero wrote, and to the cultivated Roman they took the place which with us belongs to the ethical teachings of sacred literature.

160 16 parvi, of slight account: § 417 (252, a); B. 169, 4; G. 379, 380, 1; H. 448 (404); H-B. 356, 1.

160 19 exemplorum, i.e. examples of heroism and virtue recorded in literature. The moral education of the ancients consisted largely in the study of the lives of eminent men of past ages.

160 21 accederet, were thrown upon them.

160 27 (SECT. 15.) Observe the attitude of the Romans toward literature, which they valued as a source of ethical and political cultivation, and not, like the Greeks, for its own sake or as a means of affording æsthetic pleasure.

161 9 (SECT. 16.) ex hoc, etc.: Cicero enumerates the most distinguished patrons of the newly introduced Greek culture. Cato is separated from the rest because he was in theory opposed to this tendency on account of its imagined ill effects; hence the rather apologetic tone in which Cicero speaks of him.

161 10 Africanum: Scipio the younger (Æmilianus). — Laelium : the younger Lælius (surnamed Sapiens), whose friendship with Scipio Æmilianus forms the groundwork of Cicero's famous treatise De Amicitia.-Furium: L. Furius Philus (cos. B.C. 136), a patron of literature. These three men belonged to the so-called Scipionic Circle, which was especially influential in the introduction of Greek culture.

161 12 Catonem : M. Porcius Cato, called the Censor, was one of the leading men of Rome in the first half of the second century B.C.: a shrewd, hard-headed Roman of the old school, full of prejudices, and priding himself on his blunt manners. He was a distinguished antiquarian, and wrote books on antiquities and agriculture.

161 13 senem: he gives the name to Cicero's dialogue on Old Age (Cato Maior).

161 15-23 quod si, etc.: even if literature, Cicero argues, had no great practical or ethical value (as it has), it would still be worthy of respect as a means of mental refreshment and diversion. The passage

is a very famous tribute to liberal studies.